作定语的非谓语动词

非谓语动词主要包括-ing形式、过去分词和不定式。它们不能在句子中作谓语,而是担任其它语法功能。它们不受句子中主语的人称和数的影响。非谓语动词具有动词特征(有时态和语态的变化形式),又具有名词、形容词或副词的特征(在句中作主语、定语或状语等)。 下面就其作定语的常见考点进行分类和归纳。

一、-ing形式作定语

-ing 形式在句中做定语时有两种情况。

1. -ing 形式和所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系,表示这个名词(人或物)的动作或状态,相当于一个定语从句。如:

These dancing girls (= these girls who are dancing) are from my class. 正在跳舞的这些女孩是我班上的。

We should show respect for the working people (= the people who work). 我们应该尊重劳动人民。

At 11 o’clock， please find the waiting bus (the bus which is waiting) at the entrance.

十一点钟时,请在入口处找等候的公共汽车。 注意:

①表示现在(或当时)的状态,变为定语从句时常用一般时态。

The temple standing (=which/that stands) on the top of the hill was built in the Ming Dynasty.

坐落在山顶上的那个寺庙建于明朝。

②表示正在进行的动作,变为定语从句时要用进行时态。

Do you see the woman talking to (=who/that is talking to) the secretary 你看见那位和秘书谈话的妇女了吗

The song being broadcast (=which/that is being broadcast) is very popular with the young students.

正在播放的那首歌深受青年学生的欢迎。

③-ing形式作定语时，它所表示的动作是正在进行或与谓语动词所表示的动作几乎同时发生。如果两个动作有先有后,一般不用-ing形式作定语,这时应用定语从句。

Those who have finished their work can go home now. 完成工作的那些人现在可以回家了。 ④being不能单独用作定语。

Anyone who is fit for (不用being fit for) this job can sign your name here. 任何能胜任这项工作的人都可以在这里签名。 ⑤-ing形式的完成式一般不能用作定语,除非为非 限制性的后置定语。

The manager wasn’t angry with the man who had been so rude. (不用having been so rude)

经理并不为这个人的粗鲁而生气。

The problem， having been discussed for many years， has now been solved. 这个讨论多年的问题现在已经解决了。

2. -ing 形式和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上没有主谓关系,表示这个名词的某种用途和性能,作“供;作……之用”解。如:

There is a swimming pool (= a pool for swimming) in our school. 我们学校有座游泳池。

Can you find me a bathing cap (= a cap for bathing) 你能给我找个浴帽吗

We should do something to improve our living conditions (=conditions for living).

我们应该做些事情来改善我们的生活条件。

二、过去分词作定语

1.过去分词所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生,并且表被动。 A letter posted this morning will probably reach her tomorrow. 明天她可能会收到今早寄出的信。

2. 没有一定的时间性,仅表示被动。 I don’t like to see the letter written in pencil. 我不喜欢看用铅笔写的信。

3. 表示已经完成的动作,不表示被动,动词通常为不及物动词。 the risen sun = the sun which has risen 已升起的太阳

the fallen leaves = the leaves which have fallen 落叶

4.如过去分词作定语时所表示的动作正在发生,其结构为being done。 The question being discussed is important. 现在正在讨论的问题很重要。 三、动词不定式作定语

1. 表示将要发生的动作。 He has no wish to see her. (表主动) 他并不想见她。

The power station to be built next year will be of great value to the people. (表被动)

明年将修建的发电站将对人们有利。

2. 在序数词、形容词最高级、 the first， the last， the only 等修饰的名词后作定语。

He loves his students. He is always the first to come and the last to leave. 他爱他的学生。他总是第一个来最后一个走。

3. 若作定语的不定式是不及物动词,或者及物动词与被修饰的词不能构成动宾关系时,则不定式动词后须加上适当的介词。 He is looking for a room to live in. 他正在找房子住。

Can you lend me your pencil to write with 能借你的铅笔用一下吗

4. 一个带有宾语的动词不定式短语作定语修饰名词时,为了使句意完整,

须加一个相应的介词。

When I handed the report to John， he said that Tom was the person to send it to. 当我把报告交给约翰时,他说我应该把报告交给汤姆。

高考链接:

从A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

1. Prices of daily goods ______ through a computer can be lower than store prices. (2002 北京春)

A. are bought B. bought C. been bought D. buying

2. The picture ______ on the wall is painted by my nephew.(2000 北京春) A. having hung B. hanging C. hangs D. being hung

3. There are five pairs ______， but I’m at a loss which to buy. (1999上海) A. to be chosen B. to choose from C. to choose D. for choose

4. Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV; there are pictures ______ in your mind instead of before your eyes. (NMET 2004) A. to form B. form C. forming D. having formed

5. The old man，______ abroad for twenty years，is on the way to his motherland.(2004 江苏)

A. to work B. working C. to have worked D. having worked

6. Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining Company， ______ as 3M. (2004 浙江)

A. knowing B. known C. being known D. to be known

7. The flowers ______ sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of

nature.(2004 上海) A. to smell

B. smelling

C. smelt D. to be smelt

Key: 1-7 BBBCDBB