综述生命科学仪器 2020 第18卷 / 08月刊FGF19-FGFR4信号通路在肝癌进展中的作用及相关药物研发进展(1、清华大学附属北京清华长庚医院,北京102218; 2、清华大学医学院,北京100084;3、吉林大学第一医院肝胆胰外科,长春 130021)摘要:进展期肝癌患者不能进行根治治疗,靶向治疗是延缓其生存期的重要治疗措施。成纤维生长因子受体4(Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4, FGFR4)作为成纤维生长因子的重要受体之一,其与配体成纤维生长因子19(FGF19)结合,并在FGFR4协同受体β-klotho (KLB)的辅助下,介导下游信号通路激活,进而促进肝癌细胞增生、促进上皮间质转化、抑制肝癌细胞凋亡。相反,应用FGFR4抑制剂,在肝癌发生发展中起到抑制作用。目前,临床前期及临床试验中应用的FGFR4选择性抑制剂主要包括BLU9931、BLU554、H3B-6527及FGF401,FGFR4选择性抑制剂在肝癌新药开发中具有广泛前景,相信在不久的将来FGFR4选择性抑制剂将成为进展期肝癌患者放化疗的辅助药物或二线治疗药物。关键词: 成纤维生长因子受体4(Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4, FGFR4);选择性抑制剂;进展期肝癌中图分类号:Q5;Q7 文献标识码:A DOI: :10.11967/2020180802陈虹宇1,2,孙大伟3,柳娟1*Research Progress of FGF19-FGFR4 Signaling Pathway in Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma and The Related DrugsCHEN Hong-y1,2, SUN Da-wei3, LIU Juan1*(1 Beijing Tsinghua Chang Gung Hospital,Beijing 102218, China; 2 School of Medicine Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; 3 Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, 1st hospital of Jilin University,Changchun 130021, China)Abstract: Targeted treatment serves as the alternative modality for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients who miss the opportunity of radical treatment. As one of the fibroblast growth factor receptors, fibroblast growth factor receptor4 (FGFR4) as well as its co-receptor β-klotho (KLB) combine with fibroblast growth factor 19, which results in cancer proliferation acceleration, epithelial-mesenchymal transition upregulation, and cell apoptosis inhibition. On the contrary, the application of FGFR4 inhibitors can inhibit the HCC formation and progression. Till now, the selective FGFR4 inhibitors used during pre-clinical or clinical trial stage, included BLU9931, BLU554, H3B-6527and FGF401. The selective FGFR4 inhibitors exert a good prospect in HCC novel drug development, and they are expected to reduce chemoradiotherapy resistance or serve as second-line treatments.Key Words: fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4); selective inhibitors; advanced Hepatocellular carcinoma[CLC Number] Q5;Q7 [Document Code] A DOI: :10.11967/20201808021、引言肝癌是致死性疾病,且其预后差。在世界范围内,肝癌(Primary liver cancer, PLC)是第6常见肿瘤,同时其死亡率在肿瘤相关死亡原因中高基金资助:国家科技重大专项(2017ZX100203205)作者简介:陈虹宇,女,博士后,Email:chenhongyu_14@163.com居第4位。据2018全球癌症统计(Global Cancer statistics )报道,每年约有841,000例患者被诊断为肝癌,同时有782,000例患者因肝癌死亡[1]。据报道,确诊时处于局限期的肝癌病例仅占44%,*通讯作者:柳娟,女,博士,主要研究方向:肝脏疾病模型构建与药物筛选,Email:lja02720@btch.edu.cn12生命科学仪器 2020 第18卷 /08月刊综述而处于局部进展期及远处转移的比例分别达27%及18%[2]。对于处于局限期的肝癌病例,肝切除、肝移植及肝脏射频消融作为主要治疗措施,而对于局部进展期及远处转移的病例,靶向治疗起到不可或缺的作用。成纤维生长因子受体4(Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4, FGFR4)作为成纤维生长因子的重要受体之一,其与配体成纤维生长因子19(FGF19)结合,并在FGFR4协同受体β-klotho (KLB)的辅助下,生理条件下可以调节胆汁平衡,但病理条件下却与肿瘤的发生发展密切相关[3, 4]。其中,FGFR4在FGF19驱动下,可通过激活PI3K-AKT、MEK-ERK以及GSK3β-β-catenin等通路促进肿瘤细胞的增生、促进上皮间质转化、抑制肿瘤细胞凋亡;相反,靶向抑制FGF19/FGFR4信号通路却可以起到抗肿瘤作用[5]。近年,不断有研究报道FGFR4抑制剂在肝癌中的作用,本文就FGF家族、FGF19-FGFR4在肝癌中的作用及其选择性抑制剂在肝癌中应用的最近进展作一简短回顾性综述。图1. FGF家族成员,修改自Itoh et al. 2004.[6]Figure 1. FGF family members, modified from Itoh et al. 2004.[6]近FGFR是一类高亲和力位于细胞表面的酪氨酸激酶受体,包含3个胞外免疫球蛋白结构域、一个单跨膜结构域和一个胞内双酪氨酸激酶结构域。虽然人体只有4种FGFR(FGFR1-4),但通过免疫球蛋白的可变剪切使FGFR呈现出功能的多样性和异质性。FGF和FGFR以复合体的形式在各种生理病理过程共同发挥作用,比如组织生长、组织再生、血管形成和恶性转化等。FGF信号通路在肿瘤发生发展过程中起重要作用[7],FGF受体信号转导不仅影响肿瘤细胞本身也会影响周围的间质包括脉管系统,这种双重活性在肿瘤发生中起重要作用[8]。FGF对肿瘤生长的促进作用依赖于特定的FGFR信号分子。FGFR-1的表达与肿瘤的发生发展相关,脑胶质母细胞瘤具有1、FGF家族在肿瘤发生发展中的作用FGF信号分子不仅对正常细胞的生长、生存、分化和血管化至关重要,对肿瘤的发生发展也起着重要的作用。阐明FGF家族在肿瘤中的作用有利于促进对靶向FGF受体(FGFR)药物的研发。FGF家族根据序列同源性和进化关系被分为6个亚家族,共包含18个成员,未被分配为亚家族FGF11-FGF14与FGF家族具有高度序列一致性,但不激活FGF受体(FGFR),因此通常不被认为是FGF的成员(图1)。[6]FGFR1激酶结构域功能获得性突变[9],而FGFR1在恶性前列腺细胞中也被异常激活[10]。然而FGFR-2的表达与某些肿瘤比如星形细胞瘤、膀胱癌、前列腺癌和甲状腺癌的进程延缓相关[11-14]。在皮肤癌和口腔癌中,FGFR-2被认为和早期肿瘤发生发13综述生命科学仪器 2020 第18卷 / 08月刊展有关[15, 16]另一项研究显示一种FGFR-2可变剪切体的异常表达和肿瘤进展相关[17]。在癌症中发现的大多数FGFR3突变与骨骼疾病的FGFR2突变相同。多发性骨髓瘤是一种无法治愈的B细胞恶性肿瘤,研究发现FGFR3在多发性骨髓瘤中过表达并发生功能获得性突变[18]。功能性FGFR3突变是膀胱癌中最常见的突变[19],在良性皮肤肿瘤中也观察到激活的FGFR3突变[20, 21]。FGFR-4可作为潜在的肿瘤预后标志物,FGFR4中的Arg388与前列腺癌的侵袭性增强相关,其通过增加细胞的运动性和侵袭性来促进转移[22]。该等位基因可作为预测头颈部鳞状细胞癌预后不良的临床指标[23]。在复发性乳腺癌中,FGFR4高表达与他莫昔芬疗效低相关[24]。FGF可促进一系列肿瘤的侵袭和转移,因此FGF信号通路可以成为这些肿瘤的治疗靶点[8]。图2. 肝细胞肝癌中的FGF19-FGFR4通路,修改自Raja et al. 2019. [30]Figure 2. FGF19-FGFR4 signaling pathway in HCC, modified from Rajaetal. 2019.[30]3、FGFR4选择性抑制剂目前已经开发了FGFR家族成员的不同抑制剂,但其中大多数是靶向所有FGFR家族成员的。然而,由于后者与FGFR1-3的蛋白质结构可能不同[31, 32],这些抑制剂表现出对FGFR1-3的高选择性和对FGFR4的低亲和力,泛FGFR抑制剂对FGFR4的选择性较低。因此,Prieto-Dominguez等概述了可用于FGF19-FGFR4复合体的不同靶向治疗药物[33]。许多药物正处于临床试验的不同阶段,在临床试验的II期阶段中有两种潜在的候选药物,即IONIS-FGFR4Rx(NCT02476019)和FGF-401(NCT02325739)(图3和表1)。2、FGF19-FGFR4信号通路在肝癌进展中的作用 FGF19-FGFR4的激活促使FGF受体底物2(FRS2)和生长因子受体结合蛋白2(GRB2)复合体的形成,最终激活Ras-Raf-ERK1/2MAPK和PI3K-Akt通路,分别参与肿瘤的抗凋亡和细胞增殖过程(图2)。多项研究表明FGF19-FGFR4复合体的异常表达促进了HCC的发生发展[25, 26],在骨骼肌中过表达FGF19的转基因小鼠在其生命早期会发生多发性HCC,而其他组织则不会受到影响。当在肝细胞系中添加FGF19重组蛋白时可增加细胞增殖和侵袭,抑制细胞凋亡,而通过小干扰RNA(siRNA)降低FGF19和FGFR4的表达时,则会发生相反的结果。Cui团队在小鼠模型研究中提出FGF19是治疗HCC的潜在靶点[27]。FGFR4的失调及其与TGF-β1的相关性也说明FGFR4可作为具有HCC转移和侵袭患者的潜在治疗靶点14[28, 29]图3. FGF19-FGFR4示意图及FGFR4选择性抑制剂FFgure 3. Schematic view of FGF19-FGFR4 and selective inhibitors of FGFR4.IONIS-FGFR4Rx,以前称为ISIS-FGFR4Rx,表现出针对FGFR4的反义抑制剂活性[34]。 IONIS-。生命科学仪器 2020 第18卷 /08月刊综述FGFR4Rx已针对肥胖症进行了II期临床试验,特别针对肝脏和脂肪组织中的FGFR4。它不仅可以有效减少肥胖,而且可以提高胰岛素敏感性[35]。FGF401对FGFR4的选择性比FGFR1/2/3和其他激酶高出至少1000倍,对FGFR4的IC50值为1.9nM。此外,FGF401对带有HCC异种移植物和PDX模型的小鼠具有显着的抗肿瘤活性,并具有出色的药代动力学/药效学(PK/PD)特性[36]。FGF401已进入I / II期临床试验,以评估其在HCC和其他FGFR4和β-klotho表达阳性的实体瘤方面的安全性和有效性(NCT02325739)。最近,诺华的研究人员发现,在临床前安全性研究中,FGF401导致与ALT后续表达增加相关的胆汁酸合成的上调可以通过与胆汁酸螯合剂消胆胺联用来预防[37]。H3B-6527是H3 Biomedicine Inc开发的一种小分子抑制剂,用于靶向晚期HCC和胆管癌(IHCC)患者中的FGFR4过表达。 在临床前试验中,H3B-6527在抑制异常FGF19-FGFR4信号活化的HCC异种移植模型中的肿瘤生长方面被证明是有效的[35]。临床前研究显示FGF19表达是H3B-6527反应的预测生物标志物。此外,在HCC异种移植模型中,H3B-6527与palbociclib联合给药可协同抑制肿瘤生长[35]。H3B-6527目前正处于晚期HCC和肝内胆管癌(NCT02834780)的I期临床试验中,已获得美国FDA孤儿药称号,并将于2017年对HCC进行治疗。Daiichi Sankyo Inc.正在开发人类单克隆药物U3-1784用于治疗HCC和其他实体瘤。该抗体特异性结合FGFR4,在表达FGF19的模型中最有效(约90%),表明它是具有FGF19-FGFR4通路活化的HCC的潜在药物。然而该药物的临床试验已经终止[38]。BLU554是BLU9931的临床候选药物。BLU554目前正处于治疗肝细胞癌(NCT02508467)的I期临床试验中,并在2015年获得FDA的孤儿药称号。I期研究的中期分析报告显示BLU554在HCC患者中非常有效,总缓解率(ORR)为16%,疾病控制率为68%[39]。另一项研究基于106例晚期肝癌患者,其中25例患者接受140-900mg剂量的BLU-554(1次/日),81例接受最大耐受剂量600mg (1次/日),结果显示针对FGF19阳性肝癌患者,BLU-554的总体有效率为17%,而FGF19阴性患者的有效率却为0%[40]。阿斯利康(AstraZeneca)最近报道的AZ709对HCC中的FGFR4有良好的选择性抑制作用,并处于临床前开发阶段。但是,自2013年在英国利物浦举行的NCRI癌症会议上进行了报道以来尚无该药物进展相关的任何报道。Incyte Corporation开发的INCB62079对FGF19-FGFR4活化的癌细胞显示出有效的剂量依赖性和化合物选择性活性。此外,它在临床前试验阶段的Hep3b肝细胞癌异种移植模型中显示出良好的疗效。INCB62079当前处于肝癌的I期临床试验。BLU9931具有强大的拮抗FGFR4活性(IC50 = 3 nM)和高度选择性。BLU9931还显示出高度的全基因组选择性,并抑制FGFR4信号通路活化的HCC细胞系的增殖。口服BLU9931可以在裸鼠体内诱导Hep3B人肝癌细胞的凋亡,并显著抑制Hep3B肿瘤异种移植物的生长,而无明显体重变化。BLU9931代表了第一个不可逆的选择性FGFR4抑制剂,用于治疗具有异常FGFR4信号传导的HCC患者[41]。另一项研究表明,BLU9931可显著降低High-Mobility Group Box 18(SOX18)所介导肝癌的侵袭及转移[42]。表1. FGFR4选择性抑制剂Table 1. Selective inhibitors of FGFR415综述生命科学仪器 2020 第18卷 / 08月刊总结与展望FGFR4在FGF19驱动下介导下游信号通路激活,在肝癌发生、发展中起到十分重要的作用。同时,由于肝癌病人个体差异或肿瘤异质性,部分肝癌患者对一线药物治疗不敏感或耐药。因此,FGFR4抑制剂在肝癌新药开发中具有广泛前景,尤其是选择性FGFR4抑制剂。尽管FGFR4选择性抑制剂仍处于临床前期或临床试验阶段,但我们相信在不久的将来FGFR4选择性抑制剂将成为进展期肝癌患者放化疗的辅助药物或二线治疗药物。76(5): 792-798.[8] Kwabi A B, Ozen M, Ittmann M. The role of fibroblast growth factors and their receptors in prostate cancer[J]. Endocr Relat Cancer, 2004, 11(4): 709-724.[9] Rand V, Huang J, Stockwell T, et al. Sequence survey of receptor tyrosine kinases reveals mutations in glioblastomas[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci, 2005, 102(40): 14344-9.[10] Giri D, Ropiquet F, Ittmann M. Alterations in expression of basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 2 and its receptor FGFR-1 in human prostate cancer[J]. Clin Cancer Res, 1999, 5(5): 1063-1071.[11] Fujisawa H, Kurrer M, Reis R M, et al. Acquisition of the glioblastoma phenotype during astrocytoma progression is associated with loss of heterozygosity on 10q25-qter[J]. 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