第六章：句法翻译
正反译法；转态译法；否定译法；换序译法；
断句译法；合句译法；转句译法；缩句译法。
一、 正反翻译：(反说：含否定词; 正说：不含否定词)
That’s a thing that might happen to any man. 这种事情谁也难免。
Private. 闲人莫入。
Keep upright. 切勿倒置。
Urban clearway. 市区通道，不准停车。
Keep off the lawn！ 请勿践踏草地！
He was the last man to say such things.
译文：他绝不会说这样的话。
I couldn’t agree more with you.
译文：我完全同意你的看法。
法律面前，人人平等。
译文：Law is no respecter of persons.
(一) 反说正译
All man between 18 and 45 without exception are expected to serve in the army during the war. 战时凡年在18至45之间的男子应一律服兵役。该规则没有例外。
No deposit will be refunded unless ticket produced.凭票退换押金。
(二) 正说反译
I have fallen behind with my correspondence. 我有一些信件没有及时答复。
The plane cracked up through a bad landing.飞机因着陆不慎而坠毁。
他们每次见面都要谈论那件事。
(三) 视角转换
在美国，人人都能买到枪。
译文1：In the United States, everyone can buy a gun.
译文2：In the United States, guns are available to everyone.
The darkness was thinning, but they were still in bed.天渐渐有些亮了，但他们还在睡觉。
If you forward your transcript from high school yourself, it can be considered official only if the school envelope has remained sealed.
译文1：如果你本人递交高中成绩单，只有校方信封保持密封才可被认为是正式的。
译文2：如果高中成绩单由申请人本人递交，则本人不得擅自启封，否则证件将视为无效。
二、 转态译法
1) Many voices have been raised demanding the setting up of a common market.
译文：许多人要求建立一个共同市场。
2）说话时，已摆了茶果上来。
译文：Meanwhile refreshments had been served.
（一）把英语被动语态译成汉语被动句：
The company was ordered from using false advertising.这家公司被禁止使用虚假广告。
As we know, nearly three quarters of the earth’s surface is covered with water, and remaining one quarter of the earth’s surface, at least 60 percent, is considered to be arid. 我们知道，地球表面将近四分之三的表面被水覆盖着，其余四分之一的地球表面至少有百分之六十被认为是干旱地区。
This type of truck is now being mass-produced.
Our rights are, in truth, our duties; our rights are limited by other men’s rights. 我们的权利实际上也是我们的义务，我们的权利同样受到他人权利的限制。
The enemy troupes rushed there only to be ambushed. 敌军扑到那里，不料却遭到了伏击。
Scientists and model workers should be respected and their work be supported. 科学家和劳动模范应该受到尊重，他们的工作应当得到支持。
Plastics being made, some metal parts can be replaced with it.
Poets are born, but orators are made. 诗人是天生的，而演说家是后天早就的。
The laws of motion will be discussed in the next articles.运动定律将在下文予以讨论。
The signals could hardly be heard if they were not amplified. 信号若不进行放大就很难收听到。
（二）把英语被动语态译成汉语主动句：
The result of the invention of stream engine was that the human power was replaced by mechanical power. 蒸汽机发明的结果是，机械力代替了人力。
The problem is known to have already been solved by scientists. 人们知道科学家已经解决了喷气推进问题。
He was listened to with great interest. 人们以极大的兴趣听他演讲。
Memos were prepared in advance of private meeting on matters to be discussed. 在举行个别会谈之前，已就所有要进行讨论的问题预先拟好了备忘录。
（三）把英语被动语态翻译成汉语无主句：
If water is heated, the molecules move more quickly. 如果把水加热，水分子就会运动地更快。
Power would be gotten if there were money to get it with.有了钱，就会以钱谋权。
(四) 习惯译法
It is believed that her plans for a movie career had all been merely a pipe dream.
译文：有人说她那些当明星的想法全都是些白日梦罢了。
It is generally accepted that …一般认为，大家公认
It is understood that …不用说
It is alleged that …人们断言
It is asserted that …有人主张（断定）
It is said that …据说，一般认为
It is suggested that …有人建议
It has been found that … 实践证明
It is reported that …据报道
It is known that …众所周知
It must be kept in mind that …必须记住
It cannot be denied that …不可否认
三、 否定译法
(一) 完全否定
The teacher told his pupils not to make such a mistake again. 老师告诉他的学生不要再犯这样的错误。
I know not what course others may take, but, as for me, give me liberty or give me death. 我不知道别人走哪条路；但就我而言，不自由，毋宁死。
I don’t believe he is a half-hearted person. 我相信他不是一个半心半意的人
Don’t think ill of me because I use her help. 不要因为我使唤了她就认为我不好。
(二) 意义否定
Obviously if our workers lack of scientific and cultural knowledge and fail to learn new production skill, they can hardly master modern industrial production processes。显然,如果我们的工人缺乏科学文化知识和不能学习新的生产技能,他们很难掌握现代工业生产过程。
(三) 部分否定
All that litters is not gold.闪光的并非都是金子。
The good and the beautiful do not always go together. 善和美不一定时常是相连的。
In this opinion both parties may be right, but they cannot both be wrong. 据此看来，双方都可能对，但不可能双方都错。
(四) 双重否定
There is no grammatical rule that has not exceptions. 没有一条语法法规没有例外。（每条语法规则都有例外）
Not until the end of 19th century had organized scientific research institutes appeared and gradually developed in the West European countries. 直到19世纪末，有组织的科学研究机构在西方欧洲国家出现并逐步发展。
四、 换序译法
原文：In order to survive, to feed, clothe and shelter himself and his children, man is engaged in a constant struggle with nature.
译文：为了生存，为了自己和子孙后代的衣食住行，人类和大自然不断进行斗争。
原文：当前两岸关系发展困难的症结，在于台湾当局拒绝一个中国原则，不承认体现一个中国原则的“九二共识”。
译文：At present, the sticking point in the development of cross straits relations lies in the fact that Taiwan authorities have either rejected the one-China principle or refused to recognize the “1992 Consensus” that embodies this principle.
原文：我们应该相互尊重，树立信心，避免对抗，增加对话，以建立两国间长久的战略伙伴关系。
译文：In order to establish long-term strategic partnership between the two countries, we should respect each other, build up confidence, avoid confrontation and increase dialogue.
原文：We had been dismayed at home while reading of the natural calamities that followed one another for three years after we left china in 1959.
译文：我们于1959年离开了中国。此后，中国连续三年遭受自然灾害。当我们在国内读到这方面的消息时，心情颇为低沉。
原文：We sat together at a low stone table outside the cave in which Chairman Mao lived. The interview took place on an afternoon in August 1946。
译文：我们一起坐在毛主席住的窑洞外的一张低矮的石桌旁边。会见的时间是1946年8月的一天下午。
He is often seen to work tensely in his laboratory from morning till night.
译文：经常看见他从早到晚在实验室紧张地工作。
原文：A modern, powerful socialist country
译文：社会主义现代化强国
原文：The outline of a ten-year plan for the development of the national economy
译文：发展国民经济十年规划纲要
原文：The underlying and accepted principles and objectives of the United Nations Charter
译文：联合国宪章中公认的基本原则和目标
I am so glad that so many of you could come and hear my talk on British economy.
Cheerful, efficient and warm-hearted, they will do everything to make your journey smooth and comfortable. 他们乐观，能干热情，将会竭尽所能是你的旅途顺利舒适。
Conscientious and eager, she took down what was said, careful not to miss a word.，她认真热情，一字不漏地记下了所说的话
Up and down he walked, up and down across the library floor.他在书房里不断地走过来又走过去，走过去又走过来。
在那场战争中，这道城墙开始出现许多裂缝（crack）。
Many cracks began to appeal on the city wall during the war.
发生了这样的事不是你的错。It is not your fault that it has happened.
东西越小，地心引力就越小，重量也就越轻。
The smaller the thing, the less the pull of gravity on it and the less the weight.
五、 断句译法
原文：Such is a human nature in the West /that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers.
译文：许多人宁愿牺牲比较高的工资以换取成为白领工人的社会地位, 这在西方倒是人之常情。
It is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the reasons / why learning English seems to become increasingly difficult // once the basic structures and patterns of the language have been understood.
译文：一旦了解英语的基本结构和句型，再往下学似乎就越来越难了，这其中的原因，也许教师比学生更容易理解。
叫做福生的那个瘦长男子听得杜太太称赞他，快活得什么似的，一面急口答应，//一面转身又拖了两把椅子来放在杜老爷和杜太太的背后，//又是献茶，又是敬烟。
译文：The spindly youth Fusheng babbled in reply, dazzled by Mrs. Du’s
compliments. // He placed a chair behind her and another behind her husband. // Then he bustled about serving tea and offering cigarettes round.
原文：Prior to the twentieth century, /women in novels were stereotypes of lacking any features /// that made them unique individuals // and were also subject to numerous restrictions imposed by the male-dominated culture.
译文：20世纪以前，小说中的妇女形像都是一个模式。她们没有任何特点，因而无法成为具有个性的人；她们还要屈从于由男性主宰的文化传统强加给她们的种种束缚。
Behaviorists suggest / that the child // who is raised in an environment ///where there are many stimuli //// which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses // will experience greater intellectual development.
译文：行为主义者认为，如果儿童的成长环境里有许多刺激因素，这些因素又有利于其适当反应能力的发展，那么，儿童的智力就会发展到较高的水平。
原文：They (the poor) are the first to experience technological progress as a curse / which destroys the old muscle-power jobs // that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty.
译文：对于以往几代人来说，旧式的体力劳动是一种用以摆脱贫困的手段，而技术的进步则摧毁了穷人赖以为生的体力劳动，因此首先体验到技术进步之害的是穷人。
原文：I feel I cannot let the occasion pass without writing a word of thanks
for your very kind and acceptable thoughts in providing such a magnificent reunion dinner for us on Thursday evening last.
译文：上周四晚您为我们举行了隆重的聚餐会。对于您作此友好而称人心意的考虑，我感到不能事过境迁，不予表示，故特写此信以表谢意。
中国学生很灵，一挥而就，/ 洋教师阅后，评出了最佳作文一篇， / 学生们听后大为不解，/ 这种文章怎么能被评为“最佳”
译文：His Chinese students, quick at writing, finished the homework at one go and turned it in in no time. He went through the papers and picked the one that he thought the best. When he read it out to the students, they were greatly perplexed. Of all the comments, why did he like this one best?
六、 合句译法
原文：旧历新年快来了。 这是一年中的第一件大事。 除了那些负债过多的人以外，大家都热烈地欢迎这个佳节的到来。（巴金《家》）
译文：The traditional New Year Holiday was fast approaching, the first big event of the year and everyone, except those who owed heavy debts — which traditionally had to be paid off before the end of the year — was enthusiastically looking forward to it.
原文：Darkness fell. An explosion shook the earth. It did not shake his will to
go to the front.
译文：夜幕降临时，一声爆炸震动了大地，可并没有动摇他上前线的决心。
He was clean. His mind was open. 他为人单纯而坦率。
If we do a thing, we should do it well. 我们要干就要干好。
The young man was very miserable. He had no money about him. All his savings had been stolen. 这个年轻人很惨，已落到了身无分文的地步，因为他所有的积蓄都被偷了。
She is very busy at home. She has to take care of the children and do the housework. 她在家很忙，又要看孩子，又要做家务。
In fact, Kissinger read a formal opening statement. It had taken him and President Nixon 6 hours to compose it. It took only 10minutes to read it.实际上，基辛格在开场时宣读了一份正式的演讲稿。为了草拟这份发言稿，他和尼克松总统整整用了六个小时，可是只用了十分钟就念完了。
还是热，心里可镇定多了。凉风，即使是一点点，给了人们许多希望。
It was still hot but everyone felt much better, for the breeze, though slight, brought them hope.
笛声止了。远远地起了拍掌声和欢笑声。The flute stopped, and in the distance
there was applause and laughter.
七、 转句译法
原文：I tried vainly to put the pieces together.
译文：我想把这些碎片拼在一起，可是拼不起来。
原文：The President gave Henry a hearty handshake, his grip warm and damp.
译文：总统很高兴地和亨利握手。他的手又湿又热。
原文：Spring has so much more than speech in its unfolding flowers and leaves, and the coursing of its streams, and in its sweet restless seeking!
译文：春花怒放，春水奔流，春天欢腾地无休无止地追逐着，这一切都比言语要丰富得多！
原文：冬天，快过阴历年的时候，已是风雪满天的星期日，余永泽从外面抱回了许多好吃的东西。
译文：It was winter. One snowy Sunday not long before the lunar New Year, Yu Yongze came home loaded with parcels.
Rhoda (罗达) clutched Victor Henry’s (维克多•亨利) arm and jumped up and down, ①to the amusement of the uniformed foreign ministry man ②who had
escorted them to meet the train from Konigsberg (科尼希斯贝格).
原文：Clapp, with the best of characters and handwritings, had been able very after his master’s disaster to find other employment for himself.
译文：克拉浦品行端正，又写得一手好字，因此主人坏事以后不久就找到了别的工作。
原文：他像大海捞针一样在茫茫黑夜里寻找金色的梦。
译文：He searched for his golden dream in the pitch dark of the night. It was just like fishing for a needle in the ocean. 八、 缩句译法
原文：It was April 1945. The WWII was coming to an end.
译文：1945年4月，第二次世界大战已接近尾声。（缩为状语）
原文：She went back home to take care of her husband. He was seriously ill. （缩为定语）
译文：她回家去照顾病重的丈夫。
原文：大家都笑了。宝玉起身辞了出来。黛玉送到门口，紫鹃在台阶下站着，宝玉出去，才回房里来。
译文：Amid general laughter Baoyu rose to take his leave, and Daiyu saw him to the door while Zijuan waited at the foot of the steps, not re-entering the house until he had gone.
It was in mid-September, and the new students attended the military training under the blazing sun.新生在九月的骄阳下军训。
Her father became the mayor of the city. He was a murderer in WWII.
她的父亲，二战中的一个杀人凶人 ，竟当上了这个城市的市长。
They sat down in the waiting-room to do some reading. People came to and from there. 他们在熙熙攘攘的等候室里看书。
Home after seven years. Home. The word has meant so much to him.
七年了，他终于回家了。家，这个字对他意味着太多了。
It is necessary that those machines should be lubricated regularly.
他在去年夏天把十九岁的女儿小福子卖给了一个军人。卖了二百块钱。
The summer before, he had sold his nineteen-year-old daughter Joy to an army officer for two hundred yuan.
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