Passage One
The growing importance of airpower in World War II, combined with its sensitivity to weather, led to an ever greater military reliance on accurate forecasts. Knowing the weather was of vital concern to combat commanders of that war.
As much an art as it is science, predicting the weather is dependent on the accurate tracking of weather phenomena, particularly storm fronts, from the areas where they originate. Though meteorologists(气象学家) of the 1940s had none of the weather tracking satellites which make that job so much simpler today, they were still able to generate usably accurate forecasts as much as 72 hours in advance-as long as they could get the data they needed.
The need for that data gave birth to one of the most interesting and unique campaigns of the Second World War, the so-called “Weather War.” Although it was not a war of major commands and of troops, ships, or aircraft, it had an important impact on the fighting in the Atlantic and European Theatres. It was the weather data secured by this campaign which enabled the planning and execution of such critical operations as the Allied landings at Normandy and the entire strategic bombing campaign against Hitler’s empire.
The Weather War began with the German invasion of Denmark and Norway in April 1940. prior to that, those nations allowed their arctic weather stations to report the weather in the clear so all countries could use the information. Germany’s occupation of much of Scandinavia gave Berlin a monopoly(垄断) over arctic weather data-a development the Allies could not allow.
The British, in fact, began planning to seize the weather stations even as the campaign for Norway progressed. Of course, the Germans had plans for those same stations too, but Allied dominance over the sea, coupled with the unexpectedly high German naval losses in the Norwegian invasion, allowed Britain to score the first successes. But the weather itself proved the most serious obstacle to the start of the Weather War’s operations, delaying the first moves until August. In fact, throughout the Weather War, both sides found the elements a more formidable(可怕的) foe than the enemy.
日益增长的重要性空军在二战期间,结合其灵敏度,天气,导致一个更大的军事依赖准确的预测。知道天气很重要作战指挥官的战争。
更像是一门艺术,因为它是科学,预测天气是依赖于准确的跟踪天气现象,尤其是风暴方面,从它产生的地区。尽管气象学家(气象学家)的1940年代,没有天气跟踪卫星,让那份工作所以更简单的今天,他们仍然能够产生有效地准确预测高达72小时只要他们能提前为他们需要获取数据。
需要这些数据生下了一个最有趣的和独特的运动的第二次世界大战中,所谓的“天气战。“虽然这不是一个战争的主要命令和军队、船舶或飞机,它有重要影响战斗在大西洋和欧洲剧院。这是天气数据获得的这个活动,使计划和实施等关键操作作为盟军在诺曼底和整个战略轰炸希特勒的帝国。
战争开始的天气与德国入侵丹麦和挪威在1940年4月。在此之前,这些国家允许其北极气象站报道天气晴朗的所以所有国家可以利用这些信息。德国的占领大部分斯堪的纳维亚给柏林垄断(垄断)在北极的天气数据——通常发展盟军无法允许。
英国,事实上,开始计划抓住气象站即使竞选挪威进步。当然,德国人曾计划对这些站太,但盟军统治大海,再加上德国海军损失意外的高在挪威入侵,允许英国分数第一的成功。但天气本身证明了最严重的障碍开始天气战争的操作,延迟到8月第一步。事实上,在整个天气战争,双方找到了一个更强大的元素(可怕的)敌人比敌人。
1. We learn from the passage that the commanders on both sides of the war attached great importance to ________. 1
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A) airpower
B) weather forecasts
C) dominance over the sea D) operations in Normandy
2. We can infer from the passage that meteorologists today ________.
A) rely on satellites to track storm fronts
B) can generate accurate forecasts 72 hours in advance C) have a much simpler job than in the past regard weather forecast as science rather than an art
3. Which of the following statements is true of the Weather War?
It involved large numbers of ships and aircraft. It contributed greatly to Allied victory.
It started ling before the German invasion of Scandinavia. It was fought by a small group of meteorologists. 4. Before April 1940, arctic weather data _______. were monopolized by Germany
were shared by Denmark and Norway
were not regarded as important by both sides in the war could be accessed by all countries
5. In the Weather War, the British found _________. the Germans were hard to conquer they were ill prepared
weather itself presented the greatest obstacle
delaying the operations allowed their foe to score the first success Passage Two
The interview is an important event in the job-hunting process, because the 20 or 30 minutes you spend with the interviewer may determine whether or not you get the particular job you want. Therefore, it is important to remember that your objective during the interview may differ from the objective of the potential employer. You want to make yourself stand out as a whole person who has personal strengths, is well qualified, and should be considered the right person for the job. It is encouraging to know that the interviewer’s task is not to embarrass you or to trip you up, but to hire the right person for the job.
Remember, job hunting is very competitive. Anything you can do to enhance your interview techniques will be to your advantage. The following suggestions may help you land the most important job.
Your goal in this interview is to make sure your good points get across. The interviewer won’t know them unless you point them out, so try to do this in a factual and sincere manner.
Do nor make slighting references to former employers or professors. If you have been fired from a job and the interviewer asks about it, be frank in your answer..
Show the interviewer that you are interested in the company by asking relevant questions. Ask about responsibilities, working conditions, promotion opportunities and fringe benefits (附加福利) of the job you are interviewing for.
If at some point you decide the interview is not going well, do not let your discouragement show. 2
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You have nothing to lose by continuing a show of confidence, and you may have much to gain. It may be real, or it may be a test to see how you react to adverse conditions.
Some interviewers may bring up salary early in the interview. At this time, you may indicate that you are more interested in a job where you can prove yourself than a specific salary. This politely passes the question back to the interviewer. If the interviewer continues to press, give him a range or suggest the going rate for a particular job. If possible, you should negotiate for salary after you have been offered a job and when you are ready to complete the paperwork.
面试是一个重要的事件在求职过程中,因为20或30分钟花在面试官可能决定你是否得到了你想要的特别的工作。因此,重要的是要记住,你的目标在面试中可能不同于潜在雇主的目的。你想让自己脱颖而出作为一个整体的人的个人能力,是有资格的,应认为是这个职位的最佳人选。这是鼓励知道面试官的任务不是让你或你犯错,但雇佣最适合这份工作的人。
记住,找工作是很有竞争力的。任何你可以做来提高你的面试技巧将是你的优势。以下的建议可以帮助你土地最重要的工作。
你的目标在这面试是确保你的好点越过。面试官不会知道他们除非你点出来,所以尽量这样做在一个真实和诚恳的态度。
做也不能让轻视的引用前雇主或教授。如果你被开除工作和面试官问起这事,坦白你的回答. .
,让面试你的公司很感兴趣,询问相关问题。问关于责任、工作条件、晋升机会和福利(附加福利)的工作你是面试。
如果在某些时候你决定面试并不顺利,不要让你气馁显示。你损失什么继续表现自信,你可能会有很大收获。它可能是真实的,或者它可能是一个测试,看你如何应对不利条件。
一些面试官可以把工资在面试开始。在这个时候,你可能表明你更感兴趣的工作,你可以证明自己不是一个具体的工资。这个礼貌地将问题丢回给面试官。如果面试官继续出版社,给他一个范围或建议现行汇率为一份特定的工作。如果可能的话,你应该谈判工资后,你有了一份工作,当你准备完成文书工作。
To get the job you want, during the interview you should ___________. avoid the interviewer’s questions that are designed to trip you up remember that you are the best qualified candidate make yourself stand out as the right person for the job
keep in mind that it determines whether or not you get the particular job you want If you did not get along with your former employer, you ___________. should tell the interviewer frankly should not speak ill of him
should refer to him in a factual manner’ should never mention it
When you find the interview is not going well you should___________. keep up your confidence
bring it to an end as soon as possible
tell you interviewer how you react to adverse conditions tell yourself you have much to gain and nothing to lose The best time to discuss your salary is _________. when you have been offered the job at the end of the interview
after you have completed the paperwork 3
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when the interviewer brings this matter up
The most important thing to do during an interview is _________. to make your strengths understood
to show your intense interest in the job you are applying for C) to be frank and sincere D) to be natural and confident Passage three
In the Disuniting of America: Reflections on a Multicultural Society, Revised and Enlarged Edition (W.W. Norton) Schlesinger provides deep insights into the crises of nationhood in America. A new chapter assessed the impact both of radical multiculturalism and radical monoculturalism on the Bill of Rights. Written with his usual clarity and force, the book brings a noted historian’s wisdom and perspective to bear on America’s “culture wars.”
Schlesinger addresses the questions: What holds a nation together? And what does it mean to be an American? Describing the emerging cult of ethnicity, Schlsinger praises its healthy effect on the campaign of multicultural advocates to divide the nation into separate ethnic and racial communities. From the start, he observes, the United States has been a multicultural nation, rich in its diversity but held together a shared commitment to the democratic process and by the freedom of intermarriage. It was this national talent for assimilation that impressed foreign visitors like Alexis de Tocqueville and James Bryce, and it is this historic goal that Schelsinger champions as the best hope for the future. Schlesinger analyses what he sees as grim consequences of identity politics: the widening of differences. Attacks on the First Amendment, he argues, threaten intellectual freedom and, ultimately, the future of the ethnic groups. His criticisms are not limited to the left. As a former target of McCarthyism, he understands that the radical right is even more willing than the radical left to restrict and weaken the Bill of Rights.
The author does not minimize the injustices concealed by the “melting pot” dream. The Disuniting Of America is both academic and personal, forceful in argument, balanced in judgment. It is a book that will no doubt anger some readers, but it will surely make all of them think again. The winner of Pulitzer prizes for history and for biography, an authoritative voice of American liberalism, Schlesinger is uniquely positioned to bring bold answers and healing wisdom to this passionate debate over who we are and what we should become.
在美国Disuniting:反思一个多元文化社会,修订增补版(W.W.诺顿)施莱辛格提供深入的国家在美国的危机。一个新的章评估影响的多元文化主义和激进都激进单一文化主义在《权利法案》。与他平时写的清晰和力量,这本书带来了一位著名的历史学家的智慧和视角来承担美国的“文化战争”。
施莱辛格地址的问题:什么持有一个国家在一起吗?那这意味着什么是一个美国人吗?描述新兴崇拜种族,Schlsinger称赞它的健康效应的竞选主张民族多元文化划分成独立的民族和种族的社区。从一开始,他说,美国是一个多元文化的国家,丰富的多样性,但在一起共同致力于民主的过程,通过通婚的自由。这是这个国家才能同化,外国游客印象像托克维尔和詹姆斯·布莱斯,正是这种历史目标,Schelsinger冠军最好的对未来的希望。施莱辛格分析他认为身份政治的严重后果:日益扩大的分歧。攻击《第一条修正案》,他认为,威胁到知识自由,最终未来的民族。他的批评是不限于左边。作为一名前目标的麦卡锡主义,他明白,激进的右翼分子甚至更愿意激进左派限制和削弱权利法案。
作者并不减少不公掩盖了“大熔炉”的梦想。美国的Disuniting既是学术和个人,有力的论点,平衡的判断。它是一本书,无疑将愤怒一些读者,但这肯定会让他们重新考虑。普利策奖得主的历史和传记,美国自由主义的权威声音,施莱辛格唯一能够带来大胆的回答和愈合的智慧这充满激情的辩论我们是谁,我们应该成为什么。
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57. According to Schlesinger, the United States is . A) a melting pot
B) a nation with diverse cultures held together by the democratic process C) a federation of ethnic and racial communities
D) a nation with one culture despite its various ethnic and racial groups 58. We can infer from the passage that Schlesinger .
A) advocates the assimilation of different cultures into one nationhood B) holds that each racial group should keep its distinct identity C) gives full support to the emerging cult of ethnicity D) prefers multiculturalism to monoculturalism 59. We can infer form this passage that America . A) is experiencing a crisis of nationhood B) has ended its history of racial prejudice C) is trying to restrict the Bill of Rights D) has tried to obstruct intellectual freedom
60. According to the author, Schlesinger’s book will . A) put an end to the culture wars in America. B) cause anger among the radical right C) cause anger among the radical left D) provoke thinking among all readers
61. This passage is most probably taken from . A) a history book B) a new report
C) a book review D) a journal of literary criticism. Passage four
Like many other small boys, I was fascinated by cars, not least because my oldest brother was a bit of a car guy and subscribed to cool magazines like Car and Driver and Motor Trend. Every so often, one of those magazines would run an article on the “Car of the Future.” They featured unconventional styling and things like small nuclear reactors as power sources. Yet, frankly, my car doesn’t do anything that my brother’s Studebaker didn’t do. It goes, it stops, it burns gasoline, it plays music. I still have to steer it, and it still runs into things if I don’t steer it carefully.
But guess what? All of these things are subjected to change in the not-so-distant future. It will still go and stop, but it may not burn gasoline, I may not have to steer it, and it may be a lot better at not running into things.
Airbags aren’t the be-all and end-all in safety. In fact, considering the recent news about people occasionally being killed by their airbags in low-speed collisions (碰撞), they obviously still need some development. But they aren’t going away, and in fact, you can expect to see cars appearing with additional, side-impact airbags, something some European car manufacturers already offer.
Better than systems to minimize injury in the event of an accident, however, are systems that minimize the likelihood of an accident happening in the first place. Future cars may be able to eliminate many of the major causes of accidents, including drunk-driving, tailgating and sleepiness. Cars could be equipped with sensors that can detect alcohol in a driver’s system and 5
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prevent the car from being started, for example. Many accidents are caused by people following the car in front too closely. As early as next year, you’ll be able to buy cars with radar-equipped control systems. If the radar determines you’re closing too quickly with the car in front, it will ease up on the throttle. For city streets, expect other radar devices that will give advance warning that the car in front of you has slowed abruptly and you should step on the brakes — or that may even brake for you
Will cars eventually be able to drive themselves? There’s no reason to think it won’t be technically possible, and Mercedes is working on a system that can brake, accelerate and steer a vehicle down a highway on its own. Nobody really expects people to give up all control to their cars, but such systems could be used as failsafe systems to keep cars on the road and bring them safely to a stop even if the driver suddenly became disabled.
像许多其他的小男孩,我非常着迷,不仅因为我的汽车大哥有点一个汽车人,订阅了酷杂志喜欢车和司机和运动趋势。常常,那些杂志的一篇文章将运行中的“未来汽车”。“他们出现非常规样式之类的小型核反应堆作为电力来源。然而,坦率地说,我的车不做任何事,我哥哥的Studebaker没有做。它走,它就会停止,它燃烧汽油,它播放音乐。我仍然必须引导它,和它仍然遇到事情如果我不开车小心。
但你猜怎么着?所有的这些因素都受到改变在不远的将来。它仍然会去阻止,但它可能不是烧汽油,我可能没有驾驭它,它可能是一个更好的选择,它不会撞到东西。
安全气囊没有一劳永逸的安全。事实上,考虑到最近的新闻人们偶尔被他们的安全气囊在低速碰撞(碰撞),他们显然还需要一些发展。但他们并没有离开,事实上,你可以期望看到汽车,侧面安全气囊出现额外的东西,一些欧洲汽车制造商已经提供。
比系统来减少损伤在一个事故的发生,然而,是系统,减少事故发生的可能性发生在第一个地方。未来的汽车可以消除许多事故的主要原因,包括酒后驾车,追尾和嗜睡。汽车可以配备传感器,可以检测酒精在司机的系统和防止汽车被启动,例如。许多事故都是由于人们遵循前面的车太密切。最早在明年,你将能够购买汽车雷达控制系统。如果雷达确定你关闭太快与前面的车,它会减弱油门。为城市街道,期望其他雷达设备,提前预警,汽车在你的面前有突然下滑,你应该踩刹车——或者甚至可能刹车给你
将汽车最终能够自己开车吗?没有理由认为这不会在技术上是可能的,奔驰正在一个系统,可以制动、加速和引导车辆沿着公路在它自己的。没有人真正希望人们放弃所有控制他们的汽车,但是这些系统可以作为故障保护系统来保持道路上车辆并将他们安全地停即使司机突然变得残疾。
36. The author was fascinated by cars because__________. A. other small boys liked to own a car of their own, too
B. he read exotic things about cars in his brother’s magazines C. his oldest brother loved to take him to places in his car D. he subscribed to cool car magazines
37. By saying “my car doesn’t do anything that my brother’s Studebaker didn’t do,” the author means that________.
A. my car is far better than my brother’s was B. my car is not as good as my brother’s was
C. not much has changed in the performance of cars so far
D. much improvement has been made in the design of cars recently 38. Which of the following statements is true of airbags? A. They are in need of further improvement. 6
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B. They are going to disappear gradually.
C. They kill people instead of protecting them in low-speed collisions. D. They are a standard feature of European cars.
39. What will future cars do if the sensors detect alcohol in the driver’s system? A. They will give a warning in advance. B. They will brake automatically. C. They will ease up on the throttle. D. They will not start.
40. Which of the following statements is true according to the last paragraph? A. People will give up all control to their cars. B. Cars will be able to drive themselves.
C. No cars will ever break down on the roads. D. Cars will all be equipped with failsafe systems.
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