Chapter 3
1 .Under William, the feudal system in England was completely established. 1) The King owned all the land personally. 2) William gave his barons large estates in England in return for a promise of military service and a proportion of the land's produce. 3) The barons, who had become William's tenants-in-chief, parceled out land to the lesser nobles, knights and freemen, also in return for goods and services. 4) At the bottom of hte feudal scale were the villeins or serfs, unfree peasants who were little better than salves.
2. William replaced the Witan with the Grand Council. The Grand Council
met three times a year in the southern cities of Winchester, Westminster,and Gloucester.
3. Domesday Book, completed in 1086, was the result of a general survey
of England made in 1085, and stated the extent, value, the population, state of cultivation, and ownership of the land.
4. William took a deep interest in the development of the church in
England. His policy towards the church was to keep it completely under his control.
5. The monasteries formed the new cultural centers.
6. When William died in Normandy in 1087 he left Normandy to his eldest
son, Robert, and England to his second son, William, a large sum of money to his third son, Henry.
7. crowned.
William II was killed, and his younger brother Henry, had himself
8. Henry I tried a pacific approach to Scotland.
9. Henry, founder of the Angevin dynasty.
lO.Henry II was the first kong of the House of Plantagenet.
11. Henry II took some measures to bring the disorders of King Stephen's
reign to an end. 1) He forced the Flemish mercenaries to leave England 2) recalled grants of Royal lands made by Stephen. 3) demolished scores of castles built in Stephen's time. 4) strengthened and widened the powers of his sheriffs and relied for armed support upon a militia composed of English Freemen.
12. As part of his administrative reform, Henry II abolished the annual land
tax based on hides.
13. Henry II greatly strengthened the kin's Court and extended its judicial
work. He divided the country into six circuits, and appointed itinerant justices to each of them.
14.1n Henry Il's reign a common law, which over-rode local law and private law, was gradually established in place of the customs of the manor, based on precedent judgments, and derived from acknowledged custom.
15.Jury system replacing old English ordeals and old Norman trials,was composed of 12 man and the jurors* function was to act as witnesses.
16.Henry II, wishing to reform certian abuses in Church government, insisted that all clerks charged with criminal offences should be tried in the king's courts instead of in the Bishop's courts.
17.lt was these exceptional privileges enjoyed by the clergy that brought King Henry into collision with Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury.
18.The Great Council of Henry II drew up the Constitutions of Clarendon in 1164 to increase the jurisdiction of the civil courts at the expense of the church courts.
19.Henry did penance at Becket's tomb, so that the event was a great victory for the church.
2O.Indeed there were three great crusades. This together with wars against France was an enormous drain upon financial resources of England. The result was confrontation between King John and his barons in 1215.
21. King John was froced to put his seal to the Charter on June 19.1215.
22. Magna Carta had altogether 63 clauses. 1) no tax should be made
without the approval of the Grand Council. 2) no freeman should be arrested, imprisoned, or deprived of his property except by the law of the land. 3) the Church should possess all its rights, together with freedom of elections. 4) London and other towns should retain their ancient rights and privileges. 5) and there should be the same weights and measures throughout the country.
23. The spirit of Magna Carta was the limitation of the powers of the king.
24. Henry III filled the most important offices in Church and State with
foreign favourites who flocked to England after his marriage to Eleanor of Provence. In 1242 he undertook an expensive war with France which ended with the loss of the whole of Poitou. In 1258 the King's demands for money to enable his son to be crowned King of Sicily brought matters to a head.
25. rebelled.
The barons, under Simon de Montfort, Henry Ill's brother-in-law,
26.Simon de Montfort summoned in 1265 the Great Council to meet at Westminster, two knights from each county, two burgesses(citizens)from each town, a meeting which has been seen as that of the earliest parliament.
27.In 1266 Henry III was restored to the throne where he reigned peacefully.
28, Under Edward I, Henry Ill's son, Wales was conquered. Wales in 1284
placed the country under English law and Edward I presented his new-born son to the Welsh people as Prince of Wales, a title held by the heir to the throne ever since.
29. War between France and England that lasted from 1337 to 1453. The
causes were partly territorial and partly economic. At first the English were successful, the English went on to take Calais, after a long peaceful lull, Henry V renewed the war. The expulsion of the English from France is regarded as a blessing for both countries: had they remained, the superior size and wealth of France would certainly have hindered the development of a separate English national identity, while French national identity was hindered so long as a foreign power occupied so much French territory.
3O.Black Death spread through Europe in the 14th century, particularly in 1347-1350. It swept through England in the summer of 1348 without warning and, most importantly, without and cure. It killed between one half and one third of the
population of England.
31. As a result of the plague, much land was left untended and there was a
terrible shortage of labour.Such repressive measures, combined with the imposition of a series of taxes known as poll taxes caused deep and widespread discontent.
32.The Lollards went about preaching the equality of men before God, the most famous one being John Ball.
33. Armed villagers led by Wat Tyler and Jack Straw.
34. The rebels asked the king to meet their demands: l)abolition of
villeinage, 2) reductiong of rent 3) free access to all fairs and markets, 4) a general pardon.
35. Wat Tyler was kelled by William Walworth. Later many hundreds of
rebels were put to death by Richard.
36. The uprising dealt a telling blow to villeinage, and a whole new class of
yeomen farmers emerged, paving the way for the development of capitalism.
Chapter 4 l.This time the instability was caused by the two branches of the Plantagenet family, the House of Lancaster and the House of York.
2.The name Wars of the Roses. House of Lancaster, symbolized by the red rose, York, symbolized by the white.
3.On August 22, 1458 at Bosworth Field in Leicestershire the last battle of the Wars of the Roses was fought between Richard III and another claimant to the throne, Henry Tudor.
4. Another the Wars of the Roses were waged intermittently for thirty
years, ordinary people were little affected and went about their business as usual. From these wars feudalism received its death blow. No less than 80 nobles of royal blood were killed in the wars. The great medieval nobility was much weakened and discredited. The king's power now became supreme.
5. Henry Tudor became Henry VII. He gave England very firm rule, refilled
the royal treasuty through loans, subsidies, property levies and fines; he forbade the nobles to keep excessive power; and he made it clear to all foreigh powers who might hope to disrut his country.
6. Parliament in England was already a fairly important body which had to
be consulted, if only to get grants of pounds agreed upon.
7.1n foreign affairs Henry VIII was aided by Thomas Wolsey, Archbishop and Lord Chancellor. Together they created for England a new active role in Europe.
Later England was able to ally with both of the superpowers of the day France and the Habsburg
Empire.
8. Church.
Henry VIII was above all responsible for the religious reform of the
9. Henry's reform was to get rid of the English Church's connection with
the Pope, and to make an independent Church of England.
lO.At least 300 Protestants were burnt as heretics. People call Mary Tudor \" Bloody Mary\". Mary is also remembered as the monarch who lost the French port of Calais.
11. Generally speaking, Elizabeth was able to work with Parliament. This was
because the Puritans in the House of Commons were still loyal to the Queen.
12. Elizabeth's religious reform was compromise of views. She broke Mary's
ties with Rome and restored her father's independent Church of England. Outward conformity to the Established religion, but that opinion should be left free.
13. Elizabeth tried and executed Mary, in 1587, thus removing the
conspirators* focal point.
14. Through her marriage alliances which were never materialized.
15. The destruction of the Spanish Armada showed England's superiority as
a naval power.
16. throne.
James I of England ,where he was the first of the Stuarts to take the
17. Renaissance was the revival of classical literature and artistic styles in
European history.
18. Renaissance was the transitional period between the Middle Ages and
modern times, covering the years C1350-1650. The Renaissance was a period of significant achievement and change. It saw the challenge of the supremacy of the Roman Catholic Church. The rise of Humanism, the growth of large nationstates, voyages of exploration, a new emphasis on the importance of the individual.
19. The English Renaissance had 5 characteristics: 1) English culture was
revitalized not so much directly by the classics as by contemporary Europeans under the influence of the classics; 2) England as an insular country followed a course of social and political history which was to a great extent independent of the course of history elsewhere in Europe; 3) owing to the great genius of the 14th century poet Chaucer, the native literature was sufficiently vigorous and experienced in assimilating froeigh influences without being subjected by them; 4) English Renaissance literature is primarily artistic, rather than philosophical and
scholarly; 5) the Reaissance coincided with the Reformation in England.
20. 文艺复兴时期的作家及其作品要看熟，老师说会出选择题。
21. The most famous of the Catholic conspiracies was the Gunpowder Plot
of 1605. On November 5, 1605, a few fanatical Catholic attempted to blow King James and his ministers up in the Houses of Parliament where Guy Fawkes had planted barrels of gunpowder in the cellars. The immediated result was the execution of Fawkes and his fellow-conspirators and the imposition of severe anti-Catholic laws.
22. A new translation of the Bible into English King James of Authorized
Version in 1611.
23.In 1620 a small group of these Puritans, numbering 201, called the Pilgrim Fathers, sailed from Plymouth in the Mayflower, and founded New Plymouth in America, Britain's first settlement in the New World.
24. James I, a firm believer in the Divine Right of Kings.
25. -------------------------------------------------- Charles I's thought of his right to rule as Godgiven ----------------------------------- \"The Divine Right of Kings1'.
His prerogative rights should not be challenged by anyone. It encouraged confrontation with Parliament, whose members had became increasingly Puritan in sympathy. Became a mass movement of communities up and down the country, noted for simple dress, high moral standards and very egalitarian attitudes.
26. Charles I called his first Parliament in 1625, asked Parliament to vote
him the usual import duties. It was at this Parliament that the King was forced to accept the Petition of Right, regarded as the second Magna Carta.
27. In 1640, he tried to impose his High Church practices on the Scottish
Church, a rebellious Scottish army marched into England. The Scots defeated the royal forces at Newburn, the Scots at Ripon.
28. --------------------------------------------- Charles, being still in want of money and fearing a secong invasion of the Scots, called his Fifth Parliament, Long Parliament (1640 ------------------------------------- 1660)
29. A whole series of measures were introduced by the Long Parliament
limiting the authority of the Crown while increasing its own. The Militia Bill proposed the transfer of military command from the Crown to Parliament, and a Grand Remonstrance urged radical reforms in Church, including the limitation of the power of bishos, and the replacement of the King's counselors by ministers approved by Parliament.
30.On August 22,1642 in a field near Nottingham King Charles. Thus the First Civil War, Charles gained the suppor of the north and west of the country and Wales. Many nobles and gentry gathered round the King, the Parliamentary army was made up of yeoman farmers, middle-class townspeople, and artisans. The King's men were called Cavaliers, and the supporters of Parliament were called Roundheads because of their short haircuts.
31.Oliver Cromwell, the New Model Army.
32. The Levellerinspired Agreement of the People. The Scots rose in his
favour under Hamilton, and invaded England, but were defeated by Cromwell at Preston (1648). This was the beginning of the Second Civil War.
33. Charles was tried by a High Court of Justice ,found guilty of having
levied war against his kingdom and the Parliament, condemned to death, and executed on a scaffold outside the windows of the Banqueting House at Whitehall on January 30,1649. Oliver Cromwell.
34. The English Civil War is also called the Puritan Revolution, because the
King's opponents were mainly Puritan, his supporters chiefly Episcopalian and Catholic.
35. The English Civil War not only overthrew feudal system in England but
also shook the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe. It is generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history.
36.Oliver Cromwell and the \"Rump\" ,declared England a Commonwealth, crush without mercy a rebellion in Ireland, suppression of the Levellers.
37.1n December 1653, by an Instrument of Government, he became Lord Protector fof the Commonwealth of England, he instituted direct military rule by dividing the country into 11 districts. Parliament feared the Army's permanent hold on power.
38.When Oliver Cromwell died in 1658, and was succeeded by his son, Richard, the regime began immediately to collapse.
39.The Parliament ask the late King's son to return from his long exile in France as King Charles IL The Restoration was relatively smooth.
4O.Parliament, which cosisted for the most part of old Cavaliers and their sons, passed a series of severe laws called the Clarendon Code against the Puritans.
41. Religious differences came to a head when Charles II died in 1658
and ,leaving no legitimate heir, was succeeded by his brother, James II.
42. James II was a Catholic, hoped to be able to rule without giving up his
personal religious views.
43. The English politicians rejected James II, and appealed to a Protestant
King, William of Orange.
44. William landed at Torbay on November 15, 1688. In England this
takeover with no bloodshed, nor andy execution of the King. This became known as athe Glorious
Revolution.
45. Mary was English and descended from the Stuarts.
46. William and Mary jointly accepted the Bill of Rights which, excluding
andy Roman Catholic from the succession, confirmed the principle of parliamentary supremacy and guaranteed free speech within both the House of Lords and the House of Commons.
47. The age of constitutional monarchy, of a monarchy with powers limited
by Parliament, began.
48. In 1702, Mary's sister, Anne, came to the throne. It was during Anne's
reign that the name Great Britain came into being when, in 1707, the Act of Union united England and Scotland
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