Unit 1 Friendship
Translation
1).以共同兴趣为基础的友谊是不容易破裂的。（ground；break up）
The friendship grounded on common/shared interest does not break up easily.// It is not easy for the friendship grounded on common/shared interest to break up.
2) 孩子们必须学会将电脑游戏中的暴力与勇敢区分开来。（distinguish between；violence）Children must learn to distinguish between violence and bravery/courage in computer games.
3) 当今世界每天涌现如此多新鲜事物，要求一个人什么都知晓是不合情理的。（sensible）
There spring up so many new things every day in the world that it is no longer sensible to expect a person to know/keep track of everything.
4) 诸如背弃朋友（betrayal to friends）这类事并不受法律制约，所以才有了我们称作的“道德法庭”。（regulate）
Laws do no regulate such things as betrayal to friends; that is why there is what we call/is called “ the court of morality”.
5)有人把今天的文化描述为“快餐文化”。无论做什么事，人们只是追求用最短时间达到最大的满足。（describe as； pursue）
Today’ s culture is described as “fast-food culture”. Whatever they may be/are doing, people just pursue the greatest/maximum satisfaction within the shortest time.
6)常言说，天下没有免费的午餐。如果你想要什么，就得去挣。（as the saying goes）
As the saying goes, there is no such thing as a free lunch. If you want something, go and earn/work for it.
2. 大家普遍承认人是社会性的动物，生活在同一社会的我们自然指望有朋友。至于什么是友谊，人们有各自不同的理解。有些人交朋友是为了彼此有用，一旦失去这个基础，这种友谊也就中止了。但更多的人渴望“心灵之友（soul pals）” ，即那种拥有高尚情操，能共度磨难的朋友。这样的友谊使我们远离贪欲、暴力，鼓励我们敢于按照自己的信念说话和做事。这样的友谊才是我们说的“真挚和完美的友谊”。
As is commonly acknowledged/ It is commonly recognized that humans are social animals. Bonded together in a community, we naturally expect to have friends. As to what friendship is, people have different notions/ideas. Some make friends for mutual utility. Once the ground for such friendship disappears, the friendship also breaks up. However, a lot more people long for “soul pals”—those who possess virtues and with whom we can go through trials and tribulations together. Such friendships keep us away from greed and violence and encourage us to have the courage of our convictions. Such is what we call “true and perfect friendship”.
Unit 2 Love
Translation
1).无论是友情还是爱情，你都不可能期待自己付出最少而得到最多。（maximum; minimum）
In either friendship or love/ In both friendship and love, you should never expect to take/receive the maximun while you give the minimum.
2) 我把全部希望寄托在他的承诺上，结果却发现他根本不是个真诚的人。（build on； sincerity）
I built all my hopes on his promise(s), only to find that he was not a man of sincerity at all.
3)我们带母亲去了所有我们能找到的最好的医院，但一切努力都是徒劳的，母亲还是没能熬过那次疾病。（in vain）
We took Mother to all the best hospitals we could find, but all our efforts were in vain; she failed to survive the disease.
4) 情人节（Valentine’s Day）是个一年一度在2月14日庆祝的节日，一个向自己心仪的对象表达爱意的好日子。（affection）
Valentine’s Day is an annual holiday celebrated on February 14, a perfect day to express love to the object of your/one’s affection.
5)在信息时代，通过电子邮件方式跟远方的朋友交流几乎可以是同步的（simultaneous）。 （era； via）
In the information era, communications with far-away friends via e-mail can be almost /virtually simultaneous. .
6)爱情需要时间，因为只有慢慢习惯和学会欣赏对方才会产生出爱情。（grow used to; forget） Love takes time, for it is not forged until you have grown used to the other’s company and learned to appreciate the other.
2. 晚饭后，我们大家围坐在壁炉（hearth）旁，苏珊姨妈还沉浸在失去罗伯特姨父的悲伤之中。她轻声讲起了他两从前的岁月。订婚不久，姨父就去参军了。考虑到当时的严峻形势，许多军人无法生还，你就可以想象当姨父从欧洲战场平安返回时姨妈甭提有多开心了。之后，他们结婚成家，抚育了五个孩子。这么多年来，在共同克服生活的艰辛磨难的过程当中，夫妻间的感情越来越深。我被姨妈的故事深深迷住了，这完全不同于我理想中的爱情。在日常生活中，他们并不追求激情浪漫，而是实践着“付出”和“分享”。令人感慨的是，这样的爱延续了一辈子。
After dinner, we all sat around the hearth. Aunt Susan was still in the grief of losing Uncle Robert. In her soft voice she told us about their past years. Uncle Robert joined the army shortly after they engaged. Given the critical situation at the time when lots of army men didn’t return alive, you can imagine how much overjoyed Aunt Susan was to see Uncle Robert come back safe and sound from the European battlefield. Then they got married and brought up five children. For all those years, their affection for each other grew stronger in the coures of overcoming difficulties and hardships in life. I was fascinated by Aunt Susan’s story, which was totally different from my ideal of love. They practiced giving and sharing in their daily life instead of pursuing passion and romance. Amazingly, such love lasted through their whole life.
Unit 4 Health
1) 他们带着生病的父亲远赴北京，希望能治好他的心脏病。（in the hope of ）
They took their sick father on a long journey to Beijing in the hope of finding a cure for/ curing fore his heart disease/problem.
2) 普及艾滋病知识的活动需要继续开展，这个阶段的重点放在这种病的传播途径。（carry on ; contract）
The campaign of Knowing More About AIDS needs to be carried on, and for/at this stage the emphasis is put on the way (how) the disease is contracted.
3) 权利如果运用得当则百姓安居乐业，运用不当则殃及百姓日常生计。（render）
If power is properly applied/used/exercised, the lives of the common people will be rendered happy. If not, their daily life will be placed under threat.
4) 政府使用核武器来防御恐怖袭击算是正当袭击吗?( justifiably; guard against )
Could a government justifiably use nuclear weapons to guard against terrorist attacks?
5) 由于缺乏对这种病的了解，许多人依然认为HIV受害者都是自作自受。（owing to; ignorance）
Owing to ignorance of the disease, many people still believe that HIV victims deserve what they suffer.
6) 新发布的关于改善农村医疗系统的报告让我们相信农村地区缺医少药的时代终将结束。（issue； bring sth. to an end ）
The newly issued report on improving the medical system in rural areas leads us to
believe that the era is to be brought to an end when such areas are always short of doctors and medicines.
2.退休终止了一个人的职业生涯。人们突然发现再也不能继续自己已经干了几十年的工作。有些老人很难适应这个变化，限于忧郁之中，认为自己没用了。的确，友谊已经成为威胁老年人健康的一个主要因素。不过，在中国许多老人仍然为成年儿女服务，如照看孙辈，补贴零用钱等感到自己仍然有用。但问题是老人们是否还应该尝试用其他方式来丰富他们的空闲时间以获得一个更有意义的晚年生活？我建议老人们少操心儿女的生活，给儿女足够的空间让他们负责自己的生活。毕竟老人们为社会和家庭贡献了这么多年，他们应该受到年轻人多方面的尊重，年轻人对年长的父母要更宽容些。
Retirement brings people’s career to an end. They find, all of a sudden, that they can no more/longer carry on the job they have done for dozens of years. Some old people canno adapt themselves to such a change and thus become depressed, believing that they are no longer useful. Indeed, depression has become one of the leading threats to old people’s health. Nonetheless, many old people in China are able to maintain their sense of usefulness by rendering their grown-up children services, such as taking care of their grandchildren and providing allowances to them. The question remains as to whether senior citizens should try other menas to fill up their leisure, rendering their later years still more meaningful. I suggest the old concern themselves less with their children and make room for young people to take responsibilty for their own lives. After all, the old deserve respect from the young and the young should tolerate their aged parents more, on the grounds that the old have contributed so much for so many years both to their family and to society.
Unit Six Intercultural Communication
TRANSLATION
1. 我们中国人会再三地请客人多吃饭桌上的菜，以表明我们好客。（ help oneself to … ; proof ）
As a proof of our hospitality, we Chinese will repeatedly ask our guests to help themselves to the dishes on the table.
2.正是通过倾听人们的谈话和观察他们的举止，我们才加强了了解社会的能力。（by means of ; capacity）
It is by means of listening to what people say and observing how they behave that we’ve strengthened our own capacity to learn about / understand society.
3. 安全感常常来自对环境的熟悉，所以人们对于陌生环境往往会抑制或避开。（familiarity；tendency；resist）One’s sense of safety comes from familiarity with the environment; so people have the tendency to resist or avoid new situations.
4.我们往往对某地区的人产生偏见甚至敌意（hostility），这是由于我们不熟悉他们。（attribute）
We tend to show prejudice against or even hostility towards people from a certain region, which can be attributed to the fact that we are unfamiliar with them.
5. 我觉得直接拒绝是一种礼貌，而我的父母却很少说“不”，以免使对方为难。（decline）
I believe it is polite to decline directly, while my parents seldom say “No” so as not to embarrass others.
6.知识积累有两种方式：亲身体验和间接体验。能为我们打开不同文化世界的阅读属于间接体验。
（build up;open up ）
There are two means to build up knowledge: to get it personally or by second-hand experience. Reading, which opens up a new world of different cultures for us, belongs to second-hand experience.
(2)一旦移居国外，人们会感到焦虑不安，甚至无法处理日常事务。这归咎于他们丧失了原来所熟悉的生活环境。那么我们怎样做才能改变多年形成的生活习惯和模式呢？首先，我们对不同于自己文化背景的人要宽容些。为了克服由于文化冲击而导致的挫折感，我们必须尽快适应新环境，与工作伙伴和睦相处。此外，我们切忌把一个人等同于他所代表的民族，切忌因为讨厌这个人进而讨厌他的文化。其实提倡保护（preserve）本土文化并不是要抵制异国文化。
Once transplanted abroad, people will feel anxious and even lose the capacity to deal with daily routines. This problem is attributed to the disappearance of the surroundings we have been used to. Then, what should we do so as to change the life styles and patterns built up in us over so many years? First, we should be more tolerant towards people with cultural backgrounds different from ours. To get over frustrations caused by culture shock, we should try to adapt ourselves to the new environment and get along with our workmates harmoniously. Furthermore, we should never identify a person with the nationality he represents or proceed to hate the person’s culture only because we don’t like him. In fact, to preserve our national culture is not to resist foreign ones.
Unit Eight Man and Society
1.那些认为自己拥有更多特权的人往往会有优越感。（privilege）
Those who suppose they possess more privilege stend to have feelings of superiority.
2. 高关税和反倾销（anti-dumping ）政策会削弱外国产品在本土市场的竞争力。（undermine）
High tariffs and an anti-dumping policy will undermine the competitive edge of the foreign products in the domestic market.
3.如果各部门能协调好，大家为共同利益而努力，我们一定能成功。（coordinate； pull together）
If all the departments can be well coordinated and all of us pull together for the common good, we are bound / sure to succeed.
4. 为了防止盗窃，学校已经制定规章制度，明确规定了大楼看管员的职责。（on guard against; regulation ）To be on guard against theft, the school has issued regulations specifying the duties of the door keepers / guards / janitors.
5. 大家都称道良好的举止。因此良好的举止肯定会增强你和他人交朋友的机会。（manners; it follows that ; enhance）
Good manners are always appreciated. It follows that good manners will enhance your chances of making friends with other people.
6. 不要小看标点符号（punctuation marks），有时候误用一个标点符号确实可以改变一句话的意思。（take sth； lightly； literally）
Punctuation marks should not be taken lightly; sometimes the use of a wrong punctuation mark can literally change / alter the meaning of a sentence.
(2)在当今社会里，竞争是怎样与合作结合在一起的？首先，供不应求导致了竞争。同一个足球中的球员为获得某个位置而竞争，这个球队与其他球队为获胜而竞争；在工作单位里，同事们为更高的职位而竞争；商场上，商家为争取更多的客户、更大的市场份额而成为竞争对手。但是与此同时，竞争与合作是密不可分的。球员必须相互有效的配合才可能是自己球队获得冠军，同事们也得合作才能完成共同承担的任务，商家们要通力合作才能说服商业管理机构部门给予最大的优惠。总之，个人和团队都同时受制于竞争与合作。这二者的共同作用也助长了社会的进一步发展，使我们能够享受一个更繁荣与和谐的世界。
In the modern society, how does competition work in combination with cooperation? Firstly, scarcity leads to competition. Players of the same football team compete for slots on the team, and this team competes against other teams for victory. In a work place, colleagues compete for higher positions. And also in business, firms become rivals for more consumers and a bigger market share. But meanwhile competition is inseparable from cooperation. Players have to cooperate efficiently with one another to win the championships for their team. Colleagues have to cooperate to accomplish their shared task. Firms try their best to cooperate to lobby the agencies of business administration for the greatest privileges. All in all, individuals as well as teams are subjected to both competition and cooperation. The two together nourish the social development so that we can enjoy a more prosperous and harmonious world.
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