1961 年 9 月 23 日，毛泽东会见英国陆军元帅蒙哥马利，其中谈到了接班人的问题。而在前一天，毛泽东和身边的工作人 员就接班人的翻译问题进行了商谈。毛泽东问英文里继承人是什么，熊向晖答是 successor，并在一张纸上写了出来。毛泽东看 后说：“success 这个单词我背过，意思是成功，怎么加上 or 就翻译成继承人了？”浦寿昌解释说：“在西方，成功意味着有财产， 而财产则存在继承问题，需要指定继承人。”毛泽东说：“这个名词不好，我一无土地，二无房产，银行里也没有存款，继承我 什么呀？红领巾都唱，我们是共产主义接班人，还是叫接班人好，这才是无产阶级的说法。”
期末试卷题型及考试范围
☆ 客观题（要涂卡，记得带 2B 铅笔及橡皮）
① 听力理解（1*20=20）：基本上都是听力课教材的原题（英语一、二）
② 词汇（0.5*20=10）：全部来自《研英》Unit1-10 课后词汇题的原题（英语一） 一半来自《研英》Unit1-10 原题，一半来自《学英》Unit1-4 原题（英语二）
③ 完形填空（1*15=15）：从《研英》Unit1-10 的某篇课文原文中挖空出题（英语一、二） ④ 阅读理解（1*20=20）：有两篇来自《研英》Unit1-10 课后原题，有两篇为课外（英语一、二）
☆ 主观题（注意把握时间，客观题可能的话尽量提前预记答案，留足够的时间给主观题）
① 翻译（10*2=20）：一段英译汉，一段汉译英，英译汉与课文有一定的相关度（英语一、二） ② 写作（1*15=15）：一篇大作文，英语一不详，英语二确定为图表类作文（英语一、二）
《研究生英语教程》Unit 1-10 词汇题释义（英语一、二）
Unit 1
[辨] view / scene / scenery / sight sale n. 出售
[辨] thief / bandit / burglar / robber wind - wound - wound v. 缠绕 visible adj. 看得见的 grim adj. 不景气的
with the result that 其结果是 fiction n. 小说 crawl v. 爬行
a flock of birds 一群鸟儿 stretch out 使能维持 glide v. 滑翔 slide v. 滑行 lick / lap up 舔食
isolate / separate v. 使隔离 deferential / respectful adj. 恭敬的 flash out at sb. 对某人勃然大怒地说 creep vi. 爬行
charge sb. with sth. / accuse sb. of sth. 指控
a scattering of / a sprinkle of 寥寥无几的 curl vi. 盘绕
Unit 2
appeal to 求助于
stock-in-trade n. 惯用手段 be capable of 能容纳下 make contact with 接触 in a word 总之 be subject to 经受
at one’s mercy 任其摆布
know one’s business 胜任自己从事的工作 have no use for 不喜欢
without qualification 无条件地 be characteristic of 为…所特有 realistic / practical adj. 现实的 chaotic / disordered adj. 混乱的 liquidate v. 清除
[辨] destroy / ruin / damage symptom n. 征兆
[辨] symbol / signal / sign
characteristic / attribute n. 特性
extravagant / wasteful adj. 奢侈浪费的 suspend / postpone v. 延迟 fallacy / misconception n. 谬见
rational / reasonable adj. 合理的
Unit 3
attachment n. 依恋
honor one’s commitment 信守诺言 endure v. 忍受 draw on 利用 intensify v. 加剧
courteous adj. 彬彬有礼的 take sth. into account 考虑 be centered on 集中在 be subject to 取决于
fall into step with sb. 开始与某人步调一致 raise / bring up 提出 confidential adj. 保密的 share secrets 分享秘密 draw out / extract 提炼出 band / group n. 团伙
sentiment / emotion n. 情绪
irrevocably / unchangeably adv. 不可改变地 temporary / tentative adj. 暂时性的 invoke / ask for 祈求
similarity / resemblance n. 相似之处
view / examine v. 观察
Unit 4
predetermine v. 预先决定 cover up 掩盖
acknowledgment n. 感谢 rigorous adj. 严格的
diffuse adj. 弥漫的；散漫芜杂的 expound v. 解释
highlight n. 突出之处 spring from 源于 instill v. 逐渐灌输
acknowledge / recognize v. 承认 peer / fellow n. 同伴 break down / fail in 失败 futile / useless adj. 无用的
essential / fundamental adj. 基本的 thorough / rigorous adj. 缜密的 evade / avoid v. 逃避
explicit / clearly-expressed adj. 表述清楚的 diversion / distraction n. 令人分心的事物
be detached from / be indifferent to
冷漠对待
Unit 5
afflict v. 折磨 assimilate v. 同化 prescribe v. 规定
incumbent n. 现任者 exactitude n. 规规矩矩 vague adj. 模糊的 dismay n. 沮丧 variable n. 变量
by a narrow margin 悬而又悬地 muddy the waters 把事情弄糟 causality n. 因果关系
chalk up 取得（胜利、分） scorn / contempt n. 藐视 merit / value n. 价值 virtually / almost adv. 几乎 hazy / uncertain adj. 模糊的 stark / harsh adj. 严酷的 rigid / strict adj. 严格的
assimilate / digest v. 消化吸收
It is incumbent on sb. to do sth. 有责任做 obligatory adj. 义务的 switch / shift v. 转换 transaction / deal n. 交易
judicious / sensible adj. 明智的 implement / carry out
实施
Unit 6
the pros and cons 赞成与反对者 stretch v. 伸展
soap bubble 肥皂泡 minute adj. 极小的 point out 指出 back off 退缩
be compatible with 相一致 introverted adj. 内向的
densely-populated adj. 人口密集的 roundabout adj. 间接的
incidentally / by chance 偶然地 be consistent with 相一致 droop / sag vi. 下垂 wind up / end 结束 tilted adj. 倾斜的 crooked adj. 弯曲的
pick up / identify / make out 识别 vocal / voiced adj. 由嗓音发出的
impact / effect n. 影响 spell out 讲清楚 potent drug 强效药 avoid / dodge v. 躲避
haughty / arrogant adj. 傲慢的 blink v. 眨眼
chatter v. 喋喋不休 idle adj. 琐碎无聊的
tense / nervous adj. 紧张的 rage / fury n. 暴怒
provocative / stimulating adj. 起激励作用的 fire up 激起热情 hot adj. 激动的 spot / see v. 发现
Unit 7
enhance one’s reputation 提高名誉 respiration n. 呼吸 ignite vi. 燃烧 cherish v. 珍爱
distinguished adj. 卓越的 minimize v. 作最低估计 [辨] affect / influence original adj. 最初的 be related to 有关 recede v. 退去
scrutiny / examination n. 审查 severity / seriousness n. 严重性 account for / explain 解释 forecast / predict v. 预测 verdict / decision n. 判决 overcome / defeat v. 战胜
dismal / melancholy adj. 忧郁的 array / collection n. 陈列 thrilled adj. 非常兴奋的
be caught up in / be involved in 被卷入 fascinating / entrancing adj. 使人入迷的 cite / quote v. 引用
ample / abundant adj. 充足的 relieve / alleviate v. 减轻 vital / important adj. 重要的 heal / cure v. 治愈
treatment / medical care n. 医治 nursing n. 护理
enlighten / inspire v. 启发
negative / pessimistic adj. 消极的 emotion / feeling n. 情感
Unit 8
anecdote n. 轶事 proceed with 继续做 boil down to 归结为 account for 导致 at any rate 无论如何 assimilate v. 消化吸收 preoccupied adj. 心事重重的 fall into 分成 in answer to 回答
conceivable adj. 可想到的 comment on sth. 发表看法
blunder v. 因无知或粗心而犯错误 commit murder 犯谋杀罪 controversy / debate n. 争论 comprise / constitute v. 构成 originate / emerge v. 开始出现 embrace / accept v. 接受
component / constituent n. 构成部分 outstanding / remarkable adj. 杰出的 rigid adj. 严格僵化的
fixed adj. 固定的 category / group n. 类 colleague / fellow worker 同事 maze n. 迷宫 network n. 网状系统 bypath n. 旁道 alley n. 小巷
endow / provide v. 给予 multiply v. 迅速增加
duplicate / identical adj. 完全一样的 remark / comment v. 说
reliably / dependably adv. 可靠地 synthetic / artificial
adj. 人造的
Unit 9
discard v. 丢弃
clever / skillful adj. 熟练的 abandon v. 放弃 purify v. 提纯 pure iron 纯铁 emit v. 放射 eliminate v. 消除 determine v. 决定 check v. 抑制 firm adj. 坚固的
preserve / save v. 保存
accent / stress v. 重读 sniff / smell v. 闻 consume v. 花费 take up 占用
manufacture / produce v. 制造 endless / limitless adj. 无限的 exhaustive / thorough adj. 详尽的 worn out adj. 用坏的 dispose / array v. 排列 rusty adj. 生锈的 oxidize v. 使生锈
stack / pile v. 摞
vicious / violent adj. 凶猛的 cycle n. 循环 sequence n. 连续 fellowship n. 交情 spoil / rot vi. 腐败变质 stumble / trip v. 绊倒 dump / unload v. 卸下 deprive sb. of sth. 剥夺 deny sb. sth. 拒绝给予 explode / blow up 爆炸
sobering adj. 令人警醒的 crave for 渴望 bold adj. 大胆的 hero n. 英雄
upbringing n. 接受的教养 hijack v. 劫机 galvanize v. 激励 be thronged with 挤满 contentious adj. 爱争论的 potentially adv. 可能地
hazardous / risky adj. 冒险的 call for / require 需要
last / continue v. 持续 trait / quality n. 特点
stimulate / encourage v. 激发
inherently / intrinsically adv. 本质上地 likelihood n. 可能性
predictability n. 可预测性 trigger / set off 引起 warrior / fighter n. 斗士 determine / fix v. 确定 urge / encourage v. 力劝
varied / diversified adj. 多样化的 contention / controversy n. 争论 national anthem 国歌
Unit 10
wistful adj. 伤感的
《学术综合英语》Unit 1-4 词汇题释义（英语二）
Unit 1
assertion n. 声明 contrary to 与…相反 look up 查找
implicit adj. 含蓄的 at hand 即将发生
in the course of 在…过程中 adapt v. 适应 sustain v. 维持
unbiased adj. 无偏见的 rhythm n. 节奏 clutter n. 杂乱 metaphor n. 暗喻
impromptu / unprepared adj. 即兴的 sparingly / economically adv. 节约地 credible / reliable adj. 可信赖的 credential n. 证书
paraphrase / restate v. 改述
anecdote n. 轶事
hypothetical / supposed adj. 假设的 testimony / evidence n. 证明 bolster / support v. 支撑
juxtaposition / side-by-side position 并置 impassioned adj. 充满激情的 trigger v. 引发
poignant adj. 令人心酸的
be inundated 被淹没 [usu passive] spawn v. 造成 disrupt v. 扰乱 adversely adv. 不利地 localize v. 使局部化 supplement v. 补充 identify v. 识别
Unit 2
contribute v. 投稿 center on 集中在
plausible adj. 看似合理的 entail v. 导致 consensus n. 共识 liability n. 累赘 menace n. 威胁 triple vt. 使成三倍
intractable adj. 难对付的 massive adj. 大量的
devastating adj. 毁灭性的 pose v. 造成
detract from / take away from 减损 inadequacy / shortage n. 短缺
on a par with / the same as 与…一样 staggering / astounding adj. 令人惊愕的 portend / predict v. 预示 believable adj. 可信的 augment v. 增加
emergence / appearance n. 出现 aggravating / annoying adj. 令人恼怒的 pin down / discover 弄明确 striking adj. 显著的 resurgence n. 再度猖獗 by virtue of 凭借 equitable adj. 公平的
implication n. 可能的结果 mainstay n. 最基本组成部分 thread n. 主线
clear-cut adj. 清晰的 virtually adv. 几乎
mobility n. 社会地位或阶层升降的流动性 viable adj. 可行的 rife adj. 猖獗的
Unit 3
address v. 处理 border on 近乎
in other words 换句话说 be involved in 被卷入
enforce a ceasefire 执行停火协定 be applied to 被应用于 regardless of 不管 conviction n. 判罪 infraction n. 违犯 suggest v. 暗示
available adj. 可得的
consistent adj. 始终如一的 nail v. 逮住并证明…犯法 whopping / huge adj. 巨大的
sporadically / occasionally adv. 偶发地 prod / urge v. 敦促
fatality / death n. [C] 死亡 turn up / find 发现
prior to / before 在…之前 on a whim 心血来潮地
car crash / car accident 车祸
subsequent / following adj. 接下来的 indulge v. 纵情 heed v. 注意听从 issue v. 发布 venture vi. 冒险
accountability n. 应负责任 give rise to 引起 in place 到位 predict v. 预测 head for
前往
Unit 4
sumptuous adj. 豪华奢侈的 prerogative n. 特权
subtlety / delicacy n. 微妙 ambiguity n. 模棱两可 rapport n. 默契 covert adj. 隐密的
misinterpretation n. 误解 subservience n. 恭顺
pro forma adj. [拉] 形式上的 be stricken by 受侵害
national priority area 国家优先发展区域 be labelled (as) 称…为 [usu passive] account for 占
get one’s way 为所欲为 make mischief 挑拨离间 frame v. 陷害
debase v. 降低质量
underhanded adj. 偷摸的
do one’s bidding 听某人的吩咐 portray v. 刻画 disruptive adj. 扰乱的
stereotype n. 模式化形象 trauma n. 精神上的创伤 momentum n. 势头 flawed adj. 有瑕疵的 innuendo n. 暗讽 commit v. 拨款 retribution n. 惩罚 initiate v. 发起
老师要求背诵段落翻译，红色为老师留过的作业
第一课
Cliffs stretched into the distance; sparking waves whipped by the wind were unrolling on to the beach, and a few yachts, with creamy-white sails, were curving and dodging
gracefully on the sea. Just below, a flock of seagulls were screaming at one another as they twisted and glided over the water. A mile out to sea, the old lighthouse stood on a stone platform on the rocks, which were being
greedily licked by the waves. In no way indeed did I grudge my money. As I directed the telescope towards the lighthouse, the man beside me tapped my wrist.
峭壁向远方伸展，海风激起的阵阵波浪泛着白花，冲上海滩。海面上几艘游艇张着乳白色的风帆优雅地避开浪头蜿蜓前进。山崖下面，一群海鸥相互叫唤着，在海面上盘旋飞翔。离岸一英里处，在海浪贪婪地吮舔着的岩岸上，那座古老的灯塔矗立在一座石头平台上。说实话，我毫不吝惜那几个钱。当我把望远镜转朝灯塔时，站在我身旁的那个老头拍了拍我的手腕。
第二课
Groups are capable of being as moral and intelligent as the individuals who form them; a crowd is chaotic, has no purpose of its own and is capable of anything except intelligent action and realistic thinking.
一个组织所表现出来的智慧和道义是与其成员的一致的，而一个群体却是无秩序的，没有特定的目的并且无法进行明智的行为和现实性的思考。
The crowed-intoxicated individual escapes from responsibility, intelligence and morality into a kind of frantic, animal mindlessness.
被这种群体药物麻醉的人逃避责任，不愿动脑子，失去道德感，变得和疯子、动物没两样。
Unlike the mass, intelligence have a taste for rationality and an interest in facts. Their critical habit of mind makes them resistant to the kind of propaganda that works so well on the majority. Intellectuals are the kind of
people who demand evidence and shocked by logical inconsistencies and fallacies.
和大多数人不一样，知识分子崇尚理性，讲究事实。对大多数人都有影响的宣传在他们这失去了应有的效果便是得益于这种
思维方式。知识分子就是这么一些注重证据以及对逻辑的不一致与欺骗性感到震惊的人。
They regard over-simplification as the original sin of the mind and have no use for the slogans, the unqualified assertions and sweeping generalizations which are the propagandist’s stock-in-trade.
他们认为过于简单化是思想的原罪，标语、毫无道理的断言和大量的概括性用语等宣传家们常用的伎俩对他们毫无作用。 Philosophy teaches us to feel uncertain about the things that seem to us self-evident. Propaganda, on they other hand, teaches us to accept as self-evident matters about which it would be reasonable to suspend our judgment or to feel doubt.
哲学告诉我们要对那些不证自明的事情进行怀疑。而宣传家们却恰恰相反，他们教我们要无条件的接受这些本应该受到质疑东西。
The propagandist must therefore be consistently dogmatic. All his statements are made without qualifications. There are no grays in his picture of the world; everything is either diabolically black or celestially white. He must never admit that he might be wrong or that people with a different point of view might be partially right. Opponents should not be argued with; they should be attacked, shouted down, or if they become too much of a nuisance, liquidated.
在他们的世界里，只存在邪恶的黑色和崇高的白色而没有处于中间的灰色。他们从不承认自己有一点点的错误，也决不会认为别人有部分是对的，更不会和对手讲道理，只会用蛮力对对手进行攻击压制，一旦他们感到这些反对者太过讨厌就把这些人终结了。
Virtual and intelligence belong to human beings as individuals freely associating with other individuals in small groups. So do sin and stupidity.
在小组织里，人与人作为个体而进行自由交往时美德和智慧就会成为他们个人的特点，罪孽和愚钝也是一样。
But the subhuman mindlessness to which the demagogue makes his appeal, the moral imbecility on which he relies when he goads his victims into action, are characteristic not of men and women as individuals, but of men and women in masses. Mindlessness and moral idiocy are not characteristically human
attributes; they are symptoms of heard-poisoning.
但是煽动分子经常依靠的低人类的盲目和他们进行煽动时所凭借的被煽动者的道德障碍是人在群体里表现的特征而不是人本身的特征。盲目和道德障碍不是人的本性，而是被药物麻醉后的症状。
第四课
Morality is something much deeper, concerned with the nature of the world, with the nature of people, and with how both the world and the people should be treated. 而道德是更为深入的，它关系到世界的本质，人类的本质，以及应该如何对待世界与人。
If morality springs from something deep in the order of things that is pressing upon us to behave in one way rather than another ,and if ,on the one hand ,resistance to that pressure leads to lives of unhappiness and frustration and pain, and, on the other hand, accord with the pressure results in a life of completion ,self-expression and happy comradeship, and if we could fully appreciate the nature of that pressure ,then we should not only understand what is required of us in order to be moral ,but also we could design an explicit moral education that would instill that requirement into the young . 如果道德从事物的本质要求和运行规律而来，这种规律迫使我们做特定的行为，如果我们不遵循这种要求会导致生活不幸福而且充满痛苦与挫折，另一方面遵循这种要求会使生活完满、自我可以得到表达并且拥有愉快的人际关系，如果我们可以欣赏或感激这种要求或是压力的本质，我们就不仅应该理解那些促使我们变得道德的要求，还应该设计出显性的道德教育模式来教育年轻人。 On the other hand, if a school respects individuals, tries to minister to their diverse needs, asks high standards of courtesy, serious attention to time and work, and if teachers have well-defined and coherent standards, which determine their attitude to students and the type and manner of work which they expect from them, some of that responsible probity is
expressed in its organization and attitudes that a school influences the values of pupils. Children become wise by being brought into contact with wise minds; they learn to recognize and appreciate beauty by being
brought into contact with beautiful things; they learn accuracy and industry by being in the presence of persons who value and expect
accuracy and industry; and they learn morals by being with moral people.
另一方面，如果一个学校尊重个体，尽力满足学生个体化的不同需求，对礼仪有高标准，要求严格遵守时间，学校的老师对待学生和其工作方式的态度有良好并且前后一致的标准，一些诚实的正直的行为得以在学校体制中展现，学校就可以正面影响其学生的道德素养。
孩子们通过接触智慧的思想来变得聪明，通过接触美的事物来学会审美，通过接触那些重视准确性和勤奋的人来变得更加精益求精和勤勉，通过接触有道德的人来了解道德标准。
第七课
Illness is not a laughing matter, but perhaps it is ought to be.
病非可笑事，然不可不笑。
What an individual decides to do with his or her life; what a person believe or doesn’t believe about the great mysteries of life; how people go about fulfilling their individual and collective needs and desires-all these involve options. Protecting and cherishing our right to exercise these options my well represent the finest example of true human freedom. 一个人决定他这一生做什么，他们相信或者不相信生命的神秘，人们如何满足他们的欲望和追求——所有的这些都涉及到选择。保护并珍惜我们能进行选择的权力才能代表我们拥有真正的自由。
It would be a serious mistake to bypass or minimize the need for scientific treatment, but that treatment will be far more effective if people put their creative hopes, their faith, and their confidence fully to work in behalf of their recovery.
如果忽视或缩减科学治疗的话将会是一个很严重的错误，但是如果患者在接受治疗的过程中加入自己的希望、信念、信心，那么治疗将会更加有效。
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