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英语基础知识之定语从句情态动词

2020-05-08 来源:钮旅网
定语从句

I. 定语从句起了形容词的作用,在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词,引导定语从句的词叫关系词,他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用,二是在从句中担当一个成分,并与先行词保持数的一致。 关系词 who 先行词 人 从句成分 主语 例句 Do you know the man who is talking with your mother? Mr. Smith is the person with whom 人 宾语 whom I am working The boy (whom) she loved died in the war.. are about history. The boy whose father works abroad is my deskmate. A plane is a machine that can that 人,物 主语,宾语 fly. She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much. The book (which) I gave you which 物 主语,宾语 was worth $10. The picture which was about the accident was terrible. He is such a person as is as 人,物 主语,宾语 respected by all of us. This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. 关系副词 when where why 时间 地点 原因 时间状语 地点状语 原因状语 I will never forget the day when we met there. This is the house where I was born. I can’t imagine the reason why he turned down my offer. 例句 1.He told me everything that he knows. 2.All the books that you offered has been given out. as做宾语一般不省略 可用on which 可用in which 可用for which whom, which和that在从句中做常可以省略,但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略,也不可以用that 备注 I like those books whose topics 宾语时,whose 关系代词 人,物 定语 II. that与which, who, whom的用法区别: 情况 只用that的情况 用法说明 1. 先行词为all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代词时。 2. 先行词被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修饰时

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3. 先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时 3.This is the best film that I have 4. 先行词既指人又指物时 5. 先行词被the only, the very修饰时 6. 句中已经有who或which时,为了避免重复时 ever read. 4.We talked about the persons and things that we remembered. 5.He is the only man that I want to see. 6.Who is the man that is making a speech? 1. 在非限制性定语从句中,只能用which只用which, who, whom的情况 指代物,用who/whom指人 2. 在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中,只能用which指物,whom指人。 3. 先行词本身是that时,关系词用which, 先行词为those, one, he时多用who。 III. as与which的区别: 定语从句 限制性定语从句中 区别 名词前有such和the same修饰时,关系代词用as,不能用which as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。如果有非限制性定语从句中 “正如,象”的含义,并可以放在主句前,也可以放在后面,那么用as;而which引导的从句只能放主句后,并无“正如”的意思。 IV. 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别: 例句 He is not such a fool as he looks. Don’t read such books as you can’t understand. They won the game, as we had expected. They won the game, which we hadn’t expected. As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s. He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study. I like the person to whom the teacher is talking. Those who respect others are usually respected by others. 类别 限制性定语从句 语法意义及特征 对先行词起修饰限制作用,如果去掉,主句意思就不完整明确,这种从句与主句的关系十分密切,写时不用逗号分开。 对先行词作附加的说明,与主句的关系不十分密切,较松散。从句和主句之间用逗号分开,词做宾语时也不能省略。 例句 The accident happened at the time when I left. 非限制性His mother, whom he loved deeply, died ten years ago. 定语从句 相当于一个插入语,不能用that引导,关系代

倒装句 种类 完全倒装 倒装条件 here, there, up, down, in, out, off, away等副词开头的句子表示强调 表示地点的介词短语作状语位于句首 强调表语,置于句首,或为保持句子平衡 例句 Out rushed the children. Under the tree stood two tables and four chairs. Present at the meeting were 1,000 students. 2

never, hardly, scarcely, seldom, little, not until, not等表示否定意义的副词放于句首 only和修饰的状语放于句首 not only…but also连接并列的句子,前倒后部分倒装 不倒 so…that, such…that中的so或such及修饰的成分放于句首时前倒后不倒 as引导的让步状语 so, neither或nor表示前句内容也适用于另外的人或事。 用于表示祝愿的祈使句中 省略if的虚拟条件句

情态助动词用法

情态动词表推测时can,could与must,might有何区别

Hardly did I know what had happened. Only then did he realized the importance of English. Not only does he know French, but also he is expert at it. So busy is he that he can not go on a holiday. Child as he is, he has learned a lot. He can play the piano. So can i. May you be in good health! Were I you, I would not do it in this way. neither…nor…连接并列的句子,前后都倒装 Neither do I know it, nor do I care about it. 巧记must,can,may表示推测时的用法

首先请看下面的顺口溜:肯不肯,妹不问,妈妈肯定不否问。

这个顺口溜介绍了can(could),may(might),must 表推测用法时的句式的区别。其含义如下:

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肯不肯,即:can(could)不用于肯定式;妹不问,即:may(might)不用于疑问式;妈妈肯定不否问,即:must仅用于肯定句,不用于否定和疑问句。

一.表有把握的推测时,肯定句用must(一定,准是),否定句用can,t(不可能,一定不)。Must(can,t)+动词原型,表对现在情况的推测。Must(can,t)+be +-ing,表对现在正在进行的动作的推测。Must(can,t)+have+过去分词,表对过去情况的推测。例如:

You must be hungry after your long walk.长途步行之后你一定是饿了。 They must be waiting for us. Let,s hurry up.他们一定在等我们,快点走。 You must have left your bag in the theatre.你准是把你的套包丢在剧院了。

You can,t be hungry ,you have just had your dinner.你现在不可能饿,你刚才吃过饭。

He wears glasses all the time,his eyesight can,t be getting better.他一直带着眼睛,他的视力不可能在好转。

He has no idea what the book is about,he can,t have read it very carefully.他一点也不知道书的情况,他一定没有仔细读过此书。

二.表把握不大的推测即可能性时,用can和may,常译为“也许,可能”。May用于肯定句与否定句,一般不用于疑问句。Can常用于疑问句,一般不用于肯定句。:例如:

The news may or may not be true.这消息也许是真的,也许不是真的。

At the moment she may be playing with her classmates.此刻她可能正在和同学们玩。 Anna might not have seenTom yesterday.安哪昨天可能没有看见汤姆。 Where can Wei Fang be ?魏芳苦恼在哪里呢?

What can they be quarelling about?他们可能在争吵些什么呢? Can she have lost the book?她也许会丢失了那本书了吗?

一、情态动词+行为动词完成式

情态动词+行为动词完成式即“情态动词+ have + v-ed分词”,表示对过去行为或动作进行推测、评论或判断。 1. must have v-ed

must have v-ed 表示推测过去某事“一定”发生了。其否定形式为:can’t / couldn’t have v-ed, 表示过去不可能发生某事。例如:

1)Since the ditch is full of water, it must have rained last night. 2)You couldn’t have met my grandmother. She died before you were born.

2. could have v-ed

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could have v-ed 表示推测过去某动作“很可能”发生了。例如: 1)“The dictionary has disappeared. Who could have taken it?” 2)“Tom could have taken it. He was alone yesterday.” 3.may / might have v-ed

may / might have v-ed 表示推测过去某事“也许”发生了.may 比 might 表示的可能性在说话人看来稍大些。例如:

I can’t find my keys. I may / might have left them at the school yesterday.

4. ought to / should have v-ed 和 ought not to / shouldn’t have v-ed

ought to / should have v-ed 和 ought not to / shouldn’t have v-ed 用于对已发生的情况表示“责备”、“不满”,分别表示“本应该„”和“本不应该„”。例如:

1)With all the work finished, I should have gone to the party last night.

2)You ought not to make fun of him. He is not the one you laugh at but learn from. 5. needn’t have v-ed

needn’t have v-ed 表示过去做了某事,但没有做的必要, 意为“本没必要„”。例如:

You needn’t have waken me up; I don’t have to go to work today. 注:表示推测过去某动作发生的可能性时,就表示的可能性程度而言,must最大,could其次,may更次之,might最小。例如: “I wonder how Tom knew about your past.”

“He must / could / may / might have heard of it from Mary.” 二、情态动词+行为动词进行式

情态动词+行为动词进行式(即情态动词+ be + v-ing形式),表示推测或评论某动作现在是否正在进行。例如:

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1)He must be playing basketball in the room. 2)She may be staying at home. 三、情态动词+行为动词完成进行式

情态动词+行为动词完成进行式(即情态动词+ have been + v-ing 形式),表示推测或评论过去某动作是否正在进行或一直在进行。例如: 1)They should have been meeting to discuss the problem. 2)He may / might have been buying stamps in the post office when you saw him.

四、某些情态动词的特殊用法 1. need

考试中主要测试 need 作情态动词与作实义动词的区别,对此,可参见表1.need 作情态动词时,后面跟不带to 的动词不定式,即 “need to”。通常用在疑问句和否定句中,表示询问是否有“必要”,其否定形式为needn’t,表示“不必”;疑问形式为 Need „ do? 极少用于肯定句。例如: 1)I don’t think we need turn the light on at that time. 2)Need you ride a bike to school?

情态动词need与实义动词need 在时态、肯定、否定结构上的对比见表1。 2. dare

考试中主要测试dare作情态动词和作实义动词的区别。

情态动词dare 与实义动词dare 在时态、肯定、否定、疑问结构上的对比见表2。

3. can 和 may

考试中主要测试can,may或could,might表示可能性的区别及对may构成的疑问句的回答。

时态 情态动词need 实义动词 need

现 You need (not) do You (don’t) need to do

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时 He need (not) do He needs (doesn’t need) to do

过 You needed (didn’t need) to do 去

时 He needed (didn’t need) to do

将 You need (not) do You will (not) need to do 来

时 He need (not) do He will (not) need to do

句型 时态 动词

情态动词dare 实义动词 dare 肯定句 现在时 dare to 少用 dare/dares to do 过去时 dare to 少用 dared to do

否定句 现在时 daren’t/dare not do do/does not dare (to) do 过去时 dared not do did not dare (to) do

疑问句 现在时 Dare he do? Do you/Does he dear (to) do? 过去时 Dared he do? Did he dare (to) do

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(1)can, could, may, might都可以表示可能性.can, could表示潜在的可能性或理论上或逻辑判断上存在的可能性;而may, might则表示事实上的可能性。此外,can还具有“有能力”的意思,而may与might则不具此意。例如: 1)According to the weather forecast, it may rain tomorrow. 2) Any man with a little sense can see that he is wrong.

(2)May I / we „?这一类疑问句的肯定回答为Yes, please.或Certainly;否定回答为Please don’t.或No, you mustn’t. 例如:

“May we leave now?” “No, you mustn’t. You haven’t finished your home work yet.”

4. can 和 be able to

can 与 be able to 都可以表示能力,但两者在用法上有点差异:can (could)表示主观能力,不表示意愿,它的将来时用will be able to; be able to表示主观意愿,强调要克服困难去做某事。例如:

1)My grandma is over seventy, but she can still read without glasses. 2)He is able to give up his bad habits. 5. must 和 have to

must 和 have to 都可以表示“必须”,但有几点区别:

(1)must 强调“内在的职责”、“义务”,而have to 强调“外界压力”、“不得已而为之”。

(2)have to可用于多种时态,而must一般用于现在时,其过去时与将来时分别由had to与shall / will have to代替。

(3)在回答must引起的问题时,如果是否定的答复,不能用mustn’t,而要用needn’t或don’t have to,因为mustn’t是“一定不要”、“一定不能”的意思。例如:

1)You must come to the classroom before eight.

2)It is raining hard outside, but I have to leave now. 3)“Must we do it now?” “No, you needn’t.” 6. used to +v, be used to +v-ing和be used to +v

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(1)used to +v意为“过去常常”,“过去一直”;be used to +v-ing / n(名词)意为“习惯于”;be used to +v意为“被用来(做某事)”。 (2)used to只表示过去,而be used to +v-ing / n可表示现在、过去或将来。例如:

1)He used to smoke. Now he doesn’t.

2)He’s quite used to hard work / working hard. 3)The knife is used to cut bread. 7.用作情态动词的其他短语

would rather, would sooner, would (just) as soon, had rather, had better, had sooner, can not but, may (just) as well等可用作情态动词。例如:

1)The soldier would sooner die than surrender.

2)The brave soldier would as soon die as yield to such an enemy. 3)I’d rather walk than take a bus.

4)If you don’t like to swim, you may just as well stay at home. 注:这些短语后一般直接跟动词原形.would (had) rather, would (had) sooner, would (just) as soon后可跟that 引导的从句,that 常省去,从句要用虚拟语气。对现在和将来的假设用过去时,对过去的假设用过去完成时。例如:

1)I would rather you came on Sunday.

2)I would sooner you hadn’t asked me to speak yesterday.

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情态动词shall与should用法归纳

一、shall的用法 1. 用于疑问句

shall在疑问句中可用于征求对方意见,主要用于第一人称,其意为“要不要”“……好吗”。如:

Shall I turn on the light? 要不要把灯开开? Shall we take a taxi? 我们乘出租汽车,好吗?

What shall I do with your mail? 我应该怎么处理您的信件? 在英国英语中也可用于第三人称。如:

Shall the boy come at once? 要不要这孩子马上来? 2. 用于陈述句

shall在陈述句表示说话者的允诺、告诫、威胁、命令、规定、必然性等,主要用于第二、三人称。如:

You shall have a sweet. 你会吃到一块糖。(表允诺) You shall do as you please. 你可以随意行事。(表允诺) He shall suffer for this. 他将为此受苦。(威胁)

Each competitor shall wear a number. 每个参赛者要戴一个号码。(表规定) 二、should的用法 1. 表示应该

should作为情态动词最基本的意思是“应该”——既可指有责任或义务 “应该”做某事,也可指建议或劝告某人“应该”做某事,还可指推测某事或某情况“应该”会发生,等等。如:

Rich people should help poor people. 富人应该帮助穷人。 You should see a doctor. 你应当去看医生。

You should avoid such mistakes. 你应当避免这样的错误。 They should be there by now, I think. 我想现在他们都已经到了。

should表示推断时,语气比较肯定,通常是指非常可能的事,相比较而言,我们前面讲过的may, might, could等情态动词在表示推测时,则语气较不肯定,尤其是might和could表示推测的语气更不确定,所以在具体的语境中要注意选用恰当的词语,如下面这个句子,由于句子语境的因素,其中的should不宜换成might或could(www.yygrammar.com):

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—When can I come for the photos? I need them tomorrow afternoon. 我什么时候来取照片?我明天下午需要它们。

—They should be ready by 12:00. 应该可以在12点前准备好。 2. 表示语气委婉

should可以与think, say, imagine等动词连用,使语气变得委婉。如: I should say she’s over forty. 我想他有40多岁了。 I should think it’s a good film. 我看哪,那是一部好片子。

I should imagine it will take about three hours. 我想得花大约三个钟头。 以上各句由于should的使用,使得说话者的语气比较不确定,表示说话者对自己所说内容没有太大把握或表明自己的意见不够成熟。

3. 表示虚拟语气

should可用于多种虚拟语气句型。如:

I insisted that he should stay. 我坚持要他留下。

He suggested that she should come another day. 他建议她改天再来。 He demanded that John should go there at once. 他要求约翰立即到那里去。 If I should see him, I’ll ask him to ring you. 万一我见到他,我要他给你打电话。 注:有关should表示虚拟语气的详细用法,请参见本书“虚拟语气”一章。 4. 表示惊讶

should用于某些句式中可以表示说话者的惊讶。如:

It’s strange that he should come so late. 他竟然来这么迟真是奇怪。 I’m surprised that he should feel lonely. 我很惊讶他竟感到孤独。

I’m sorry that this should have happened. 我很遗憾,竟发生了这事儿。 这类句式如果不用should也不错,只是会没有这种惊讶的语气。比较: I’m surprised that he should feel like that. 我奇怪他竟会有这种感觉。 I’m surprised that he feels like that. 我奇怪他会有这种感觉。

第一句用了should,其惊讶的语气较重,含有难以理解的意味;第二句没有用should,则说明说话者对所说情况并不感到惊讶,只是在客观地描述一个事实,同时含有指说话者想了解原因的意味。

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will与would用法完全归纳

1. 表示意愿

will和would均可表示意愿,will用于指现在的意愿,would用于指过去的意愿。如: I’ll do anything that I can. 我愿做我能够做的任何事。

He will do anything except cook. 他什么都愿做,就是不愿做饭。 He asked if I would show him the way. 他问我是愿意可以给他带路。

按英语语法习惯,在条件状语从句中不能直接使用将来时态,而应用一般现在时表示将来意义,但表示“意愿”的will和would有时可用于条件句中。如:

If you will wait a moment, I’ll fetch the money. 如果你能等一下,我就取钱去。 If he would try harder, I’m sure he’ll do well. 只要他能再努力一些,我相信他会做好的。

条件状语从句will的意思不是“将要”,而是“愿意”。注意,有时翻译可能会比较灵活,尤其是当用于if you will…这类结构时。如:

If you will [would] follow me, I’ll show you the way. 请跟我来,我给你指路。 If you will [would] wait a moment I’ll see if Mr Jones is free. 请您稍候片刻,我看看琼斯先生是否有空。

2. 表示拒绝

愿意做某事的反面是什么?就是拒绝。所以情态动词will和would的否定式won’t和wouldn’t可以用来表示拒绝——won’t用于现在或将来,wouldn’t用于过去。如:

If he won’t listen to me, I can’t help him. 如果他不肯听我的话,我就不能帮他的忙。

He said that he wouldn’t lend me a penny. 他说过他一便士都不愿借给我。 I offered Jimmy some milk, but he wouldn’t drink it. 我让吉米喝牛奶,但他不肯喝。

有趣的是,won’t和wouldn’t表示拒绝时,其主语有时可以是“物”。如: The door won’t shut. 这门关不上。

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The car wouldn’t start this morning. 今天上午汽车发动不了。 3. 表示委婉语气

will和would均可用于征求意见或提出请求,此时的would并不表示过去,而是为了使语气更委婉。如:

Will you please pass me the salt? 请你把盐递给我好吗?

Would you ask them to wait outside? 你可否请他们在外面等等? Would Sunday night suit you? 星期天晚上适合你吗?

为了使语气更客气、更委婉,有时可用won’t和wouldn’t这样的否定式。如: Won’t you take off your coat? 你要不要把大衣脱掉?

Wouldn’t it be better to paint it green? 把它漆成绿色的会不会更好?

比较而言,用would比用will委婉,用否定的won’t和wouldn’t比用肯定的will和would要委婉——使用时应根据具体的语境选择合适的表达。

另外值得一提的是,用will和would表示的这种委婉语气,主要见于上面这类疑问句,但would和wouldn’t有时还可以用于陈述句中使句子的语气变得委婉。比较:

That seems the best solution to me. 我看这似乎是最好的解决办法了。(直接) That would seem the best solution to me. 我看这似乎是最好的解决办法了吧。(委婉)

Friday evening is not [won’t be] very convenient. 星期五晚上不太合适。(直接) Friday evening wouldn’t be very convenient. 星期五晚上不太合适吧。(委婉) 4. 用于提出想法

would有时用于提出想法,通常与like, love, hate, prefer, be glad, be happy等连用。如:

I would like to make a suggestion. 我想提一个建议。

I’d love to have a room of my own. 我想有一个自己的房间。 I’d hate to disturb him if he’s busy. 如果他忙,我就不想打扰他了。 I’d prefer to go by bike. 我想骑自行车去。 若用于第一人称有时也可将would换成should。如: I should be glad to talk to him. 我会高兴和他谈谈。 I should like to give him a chance. 我愿意给他一个机会。 注意,这样用的would习惯上不能换成will。 5. 表示习惯或倾向

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will和would均可用于表示习惯或倾向——既可指某人特有的习惯,也可指事物的自然倾向。其中will表示现在的习惯,would表示过去的习惯。如:

Water will boil at 100C. 水到摄氏100就会沸腾。

He will always complain if he gets the opportunity. 他一有机会总要抱怨。 When we were students we would often stay up all night. 我们当学生时,经常通宵不睡。

I planted a vine last year, but it wouldn’t grow because it didn’t get enough sun. 去年我种了一棵葡萄,但它因阳光不足没有长大。

有时,也用于谈论某人令人不耐烦的习惯或倾向。如:

That’s just like him—he would lose his keys! 他就是这样,老丢钥匙!

Harriet will keep leaving her things all over the floor. 哈丽特总是把她的东西扔得满地都是。

6. 表示推测

will和would都可用于表示推测——will用于谈论现在;would用于谈论过去,但也可用于谈论现在,只是语气比较委婉、比较不确定。如:

He will be waiting downstairs now. 他现在应该在楼下等吧!

You’ll be Dr. Livingston, I presume? 我猜您就是李温斯顿博士吧? You wouldn’t tell anyone, would you? 你不会告诉别人的,对吧?

That would be the watch you are looking for. 那大概是你在寻找的手表吧。 有时可后接完成式,表示对过去可能已经发生的情况进行推测。如: You will have heard the news, I think? 我想,你已经听到那个新闻了吧? I thought you would have finished it by now. 我想你现在可能已经做完了吧。 7. 表示执意或坚持

will和would可用来表示句子主语的执意和坚持,其中will用于谈论现在,would用于谈论过去。如(www.yygrammar.com):

He will comb his hair at the table, even though he knows I don’t like it. 他偏要在饭桌连梳头,还明明知道我不喜欢。

He would do it, though I told him not to. 虽然我叫他不要做,可是他偏要做。 8. 其他用法

will 还可表示决心、许诺、指示、叮嘱等,具体意思需根据所处语境来确定。如: I won’t leave you. You can’t make me. 我绝不离开你,你不能强迫我离开。

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We’ll pay back your money soon. 我们很快就会把钱还给你的。

You will not go out today; you will stay in and work. 今天你不要出去,待在家里干活。

No one will leave the examination room before 12 o’clock. 12点前谁也不准离开考场。

can 和 could 表示推测的用法

表示现在的允许时,若是请求别人允许自己做某事,两者均可用,但用could 语气更委婉;若是自己允许别人做某事,一般只用 can,而不用 could。如:

Can [Could] I come in? 我可以进来吗?

“Could [Can] I use your pen? ” “Yes, of course you can.” “我可以借用你的钢笔吗?”“当然可以。”(不能说Yes, you could.)

表示过去的允许时,若表示过去一般性允许(即表示某人随时都可以做某事),用could;若表示在过去某一特定情况下允许进行某一特定的活动,则不用 could。如:

When I lived at home, I could watch TV whenever I wanted to. 我住在家里时, 想什么时候看电影就可以什么时候看。(一般性允许)

I was allowed to see the film yesterday evening. 昨天晚上允许我去看了电影。(特定的允许,不能用 could)

对现在或将来的推测,两者均可用,但can 通常只用于否定句或疑问句中,一般不用于肯定句,而could则可用于肯定句、否定句和疑问句;对过去的推测,应在 can, could

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之后接动词的完成式,且此时can仍只用于否定句或疑问句,不用于肯定句;而could 则可用于各种句型。如:

Can [Could] this be true? 这能是真的吗?

Where can [could] he have gone? 他能到哪里去了呢? She can’t [couldn’t] have left so soon. 她不可能走得这么早。 He could have gone home. 他可能已回家了。

注:could后接动词的完成式,除表示对过去的推测外,还可表示过去没有实现的可能性(即某事本来可以发生,却没发生),或委婉地责备某人过去应该做某事而没有去做(此时不用can)。如:

You could have started a little earlier. 你本可早点动身的。

You needn’t have cooked it. We could have eaten it raw. 你其实可以不煮熟(它),我们(本来)可以生吃。

can 和 could 表示能力的用法

can 表示现在的能力,could 表示过去的能力,要表示将来具备的能力通常 be able to 的将来时态。其中要注意的是,could 表示过去的能力,通常只用于表示过去一般性能力,而不表示过去具体某次特定情形下能够做某事的能力。如:

他学习很努力,所以考试能及格。

误:He studied hard and could pass the exam. 正:He studied hard and was able to pass the exam.

注:若在否定句中没有以上限制,即couldn’t 可表示过去特定情况下的能力,如可说 He studied hard but still couldn’t pass the exam.

(—)prefer

①prefer之后用动名词结构表示一般性偏爱,强调一种事实或一件事。 如:

l like swimming,but I prefer sailing. 我喜欢游泳,但更喜欢航行。

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②当prefer之后带两个动词不定式表示“偏爱…胜过…”时,用rather than连接。Rather than之后可以有两种结构:省略to的动词不定式和动词的ing形式。 如:

1 would prefer to spend the weekend at home rather than drive out. 我宁愿在家度周末,而不愿意开车出门。

③当prefer之后带两个名词或动名词结构表示“偏爱…胜过…”时,常用介词to连接两个部分,也可以用rather than连接。

如:

I prefer watching TV to reading books. 我宁可看电视,也不愿意看书。

④prefer之后可以用动词不定式作宾语补足语。 如:

I don’t prefer people to smoke here. 我不喜欢有人在这儿抽烟。

⑤prefer之后带从句时,其用法与would rather带从句的用法相同。 如:

I’d prefer that you did not go there alone. 我希望你不要一个人到那里去。

(二)would rather

①would rather是固定习惯用语,可用于任何人称,其简略形式是 ’d rather。would rather之后直接带省略to的动词不定式。 如:

Would you rather stay at home or go out with me? 你愿意呆在家里,还是愿意跟我出门?

②would rather还可以与than连用,构成“would rather+省略to的不定式+than+省略to的不定式”结构。

如:

Tom would rather read than talk.=Tom prefers reading to talking. 汤姆喜爱读书胜过与人交谈。

③would rather之后带从句时,从句中的谓语动词用虚拟语气,即用过去式表示现在或将来的意义,用过去完成式表示过去的意义。

如:

I’d rather she had repaired her car last night.=I wish she had repaired her car last night. 但愿她昨晚就把车修好了。

④一般来说。would rather之后跟动词原形表达的意思是“偏爱,宁愿”,但如果其后跟动词hope,think,like,enjoy和have等时,would rather则含有“很,非常”的意思。请比较: I’d rather like reading.我很喜欢读书。

I’m not sure,but I’d rather think so.我没有十分把握,但认为很可能如此。

(三)rather than

①rather than必须连接两个平行结构,即并联两个词(如名词、代词),两个动词不定式或并联两个短语或分句。 如:

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John ought to go rather than Mary. 约翰比玛丽更应该去。

②当rather than并联两个动词不定式时,后一个动词不定式一般省略to(在比较正式的文体中也可以保留to)。 如:

In China,it is important to invest in education rather than(to)increase personal wages. 在中国,优先投资教育比增加个人工资重要。

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