Unit 1
Achievement n. 成就；功绩
修
(本单元由：巧君、璐萍、亮英、晓兰、冉莹 负责)
四
An achievement is something which someone has succeeded in doing, especially after a lot of effort. 1、Let me congratulate you on your achievement. 请允许我为您的成就向您表示祝贺。
2、She was given a prize for her achievements in textile design. 她因为在纺织品设计上取得的成就而得到奖励。
3、Happiness lies not in the mere possession of money; it lies in the joy of achievement, in the thrill of creative effort.
幸福不仅仅来源于拥有钱财；它来源于有所成就时的快乐以及有所创造时的兴奋。
Welfare n. 福利；福利事业
It means the general health, happiness and safety of a person, an animal or a group. 1、 Parents are responsible for the welfare of their children.
父母要对子女的幸福负责。 2、
My principal concern is my family's welfare.
我至为关心的是我一家的幸福。 3、
The welfare of the individual is bound up with the welfare of the
community.
个人的福利与社会的福利有着密切的关系。
Project n. 项目；工程；规划
It is a planned piece of work that is designed to find information about sth, to produce sth new, or to improve sth. 1、 We decided to set up a fund for the Project Hope. 我们决定为希望工程设立一项基金。
2、 The class are doing a project on the Roman occupation of Britain. 这个班在进行一项关於古罗马人占领不列颠的研究。
3、 Our projected visit had to be cancelled. 我们计画中的访问不得不取消。
4、 Will you be able to project the film for us? 你能为我们放映那部影片吗?
Institute n. 学会；学院；协会
An institute is an organization set up to do a particular type of work, especially research or teaching. You can also use institute to refer to the building the organization occupies. 1、 New methods of teaching foreign languages are adopted in this
institute.
该学院采用新的外语教学法。 2、
Heibei Normal University has artistic courtyard department; Heibei
music institute.
河北师范大学有艺术院系；河北音乐学院。 3、
A year after the Salon, the Art Institute of Chicago gave them a
show, and Life magazine a four-page spread.
绘画沙龙举行一年后，芝加哥美术馆为他们办了展览，《生活》杂志花了四页篇幅报道。
Specialist n. 专家；专业工作者
A specialist is a person who has a particular skill or knows a lot about a particular subject. 1、 My teacher is a specialist in English linguistics.
我的老师是英语语言方面的专家。 2、
What she actually needs is urgent, specialist legal advice. 实际上她急需的是专家的法律意见。 3、
As a mental health specialist, I am an active participant in the
therapeutic environment.
作为一名心智健康方面的专家，我在治疗方法的研究领域表现积极。 Specialize vi. 专攻；专门从事；专注于
If you specialize in a thing, you know a lot about it and concentrate a great deal of your time and energy on it, especially in your work or when you are studying or training. 1、 He specializes in oriental history. 他专门研究东方史。
2、 This shop specializes in chocolates. 这个商店专门出售巧克力。
3、 This might entail taking classes or getting specialized training. 这就可能要你参加课程或专门的培训。
Connection n. 连接；关系
A connection is a relationship between two things, people, or groups. 1、 Is there a connection between smoking and lung cancer? 吸烟跟肺癌是否有关?
2、 His dismissal has no connection with the quality of his work. 他被解雇一事与他的工作好坏无关.
3、 How long will the connection of the telephone take？ 安装电话机与总机接通要多长时间?
Human being 人类
Human being means relating to or concerning people. 1、 How long can a human being survive without food?
人不吃东西能活多久? 2、
How can a merciful God permit a human being to suffer such
torment ?
仁慈的上帝怎么容许一个人受这样的痛苦？ 3、
Whether sixty or sixteen, there is in every human being's heart the
love of wonder.
每个人不管是六十岁或是十六岁，心中都有一股好奇心。
Campaign n. 运动；战役 vi. 作战；参加运动
A campaign is a planned set of activities that people carry out over a period of time in order to achieve something such as social or political change. If someone campaigns for something, they carry out a planned set of activities over a period of time in order to achieve their aim. 1、 He fought in the North African campaign during the last war. 在上次战争中他在北非战役参战.
2、 During the campaign, Obama has not talked much about his China
policies.
在竞选过程中，奥巴马并没有过多谈及其中国政策。 3、
She spent her life campaigning for women's rights. 她毕生致力於女权运动. 4、
They campaigned against a war of aggression. 他们开展反侵略战争的运动。
Organization n. 组织；机构；团体
An organization is an official group of people, for example a political party, a business, a charity, or a club. 1、 He's involved in the organization of a new club.
他参与了新俱乐部的组织工作。 2、
She is brilliant but her work lacks organization. 她很有才华,但工作缺乏条理。 3、
The human body has a very complex organization. 人体是个非常复杂的机体.
Behave vt. & vi. 举动；（举止或行为）表现
The way that you behave is the way that you do and say things, and the things that you do and say. 1、 She behaves (towards me) more like a friend than a mother. 她像朋友一样（待我）, 而不像是我的母亲.
2、 It's hard to train children to behave well at the table. 培养儿童用餐时举止得体是很困难的。
3、 How's your new car behaving? 你的新汽车好使吗?
4、 Behave yourself; don't make a fool of yourself. 注意你的举止，别闹出笑话来。
Behaviour (=behavior) 行为；举止；习性
People's or animals' behaviour is the way that they behave. You can refer to a typical and repeated way of behaving as a behaviour. 1、 She was ashamed of her children's (bad) behaviour. 她因为她的孩子不规矩而感到羞愧.
2、 Their behaviour towards me shows that they do not like me. 从他们对我的态度可以看出他们不喜欢我.
3、 He's making himself cheap by his unpleasant behaviour. 他那令人讨厌的行为有损他自己的身份。
Shade n. 荫；阴凉处 vt. 遮住光线
Shade is an area of darkness under or next to an object such as a tree, where sunlight does not reach. If you say that a place or person is shaded by objects such as trees, you mean that the place or person cannot be reached, harmed, or bothered by strong sunlight because those objects are in the way. 1、 The trees give some welcome shade from the sun. 这些树遮住了阳光, 很舒适凉快。
2、 There is not enough light and shade in your drawing. 你这幅画的明暗色调不够。
3、 This seat is shaded by a tree. 这个座位有一棵树遮荫。
4、 She shaded her eyes (from the sun) with her hand. 她把手放在眼睛上方挡住阳光.
Move off 离开；起程；出发
When you move off, you start moving away from a place. 1、 A few minutes later, the whistle sounded and the train began to
move off.
几分钟后,汽笛响了,火车启动了。 2、
The car stand at the traffic light for a few moment, then move off. 那辆汽车在交通灯前停了一会儿，然后驶去了。 3、
I want to move off campus. 我要搬出去，在校外住。
Worthwhile adj. 值得的；值得做的
If something is worthwhile, it is enjoyable or useful, and worth the time, money, or effort that is spent on it. 1、 I thought it was worthwhile to clarify the matter. 我认为澄清此事是值得去做的。
2、 It wasn't worthwhile continuing with the project.
继续这个项目是不值得的。 3、
She is willing to devote herself into the worthwhile cause.
她愿意将自己的一生献给这项有意义的事业。
Nest n. 巢；窝
A bird's nest is the home that it makes to lay its eggs in. 1、 The blackbird sat on the nest waiting for the return of her mate. 黑鹂在巢中等候其雄鸟归来。
2、 Every bird likes its own nest. 金窝银窝不如自己的狗窝。
3、 Take up the prey in its mandible , the bird is returning to its nest.
将被捕食的动物衔在口里，这只鸟正在回自己的窝去。
Bond n. 联系；关系；结合；纽带
A bond between people is a strong feeling of friendship, love, or shared beliefs and experiences that unites them. 1、 This glue makes a good firm bond. 这种胶水粘得很结实.
2、 A bond of sympathy develops between members of the group. 该组织成员间产生了志同道合的凝聚力。
3、 Common tastes form a bond between the two men.
共同的爱好使两人结交为朋友。
Observe vt. 观察；观测；遵守
If you observe a person or thing, you watch them carefully, especially in order to learn something about them. If you observe something such as a law or custom, you obey it or follow it. 1、 He observes keenly, but says little. 他观察敏锐, 但是很少说话。
2、 She observed that he'd left but made no comment. 她看见他离去, 但未置一词。
3、 The woman was observed to follow him closely. 有人看到那女子紧跟着他。
4、 Do they observe Christmas Day in that country? 那个国家的人过圣诞节吗?
5、 Wherever you may is, you must observe the law. 不管你在哪里你都要遵守法律。
Observation n. 观察；观测
Observation is the action or process of carefully watching someone or something. 1、 The fault escaped observation for months. 这故障数月来未引起注意。
2、 He was taken into hospital for observation. 他被送进医院观察。
3、 He's just published his observations on British bird life.
他刚发表了英国鸟类生活观察报告.
Childhood n. 童年；幼年时代
A person's childhood is the period of their life when they are a child. 1、Why is it that he rarely mentions his childhood?
他为什么很少提到他的儿童时代呢？ 1、
He was my playmate in childhood. 他是我童年时的玩伴。 2、
He spent his childhood in the remote mountain area.
他的童年时代是在这个偏远的山区度过的。
Outspoken adj. 直言的；坦诚
Someone who is outspoken gives their opinions about things openly and honestly, even if they are likely to shock or offend people. 1、 His outspoken remarks made him an easy target for the opposition. 他那番直言不讳的言语使他成了反对派的主要抨击对象。
2、 Hans got in bad with some of his friends because of his outspoken
opposition to the war.
汉斯因为坦率地反对这场战争，使得他的一些朋友不再喜欢他了。 3、
She was outspoken in her criticism of the plan.
她对该计划的批评直言不讳。
Respect vt. & n. 尊敬；尊重；敬意
If you respect someone, you have a good opinion of their character or ideas. Respect is also a noun. It means a feeling of admiration for sb/sth because of their good qualities or achievements. 1、 I deeply respect her courage. 我深深敬佩她的勇气。
2、 If they had any respect for human life they wouldn't do such
terrible things. ? 他们如果还顾及人的生命就不会做出这样可怕的事来。 3、 4、 5、 6、
With respect to the question of style this book has not much to say. 关于这本书的格式问题没有什么可说的。
In respect of style this essay is much better than that. 在格式方面，这本书比那本好多了。
Argue vt. & vi. 讨论；辩论；争论
If one person argues with another, they speak angrily to each other about something that they disagree about. 1、 We argued with the waiter about the price of the meal.
我们跟服务员争执那顿饭的价钱。 2、
I argued that we needed a larger office. 我据理力争我们需要大些的办公室。 3、
The lawyers argued the case for hours. 律师们对那个案件辩论了几小时。
Argument n. 争论；争辩；争吵
An argument is a statement or set of statements that you use in order to try to convince people that your opinion about something is correct. 1、 We agreed without much further argument. 我们没怎麽进一步争论就达成了一致意见。
2、 There are strong arguments for and against capital punishment. 对於执行死刑, 赞成与反对的双方都有强有力的论据。
3、 Most families have arguments over money.
整件事酿成了激烈的争吵。
Entertainment n. 款待；娱乐；娱乐表演
Entertainment consists of performances of plays and films, and activities such as reading and watching television, that give people pleasure. 1、 Young people often spend big bucks on entertainment.
年轻人常常在娱乐上花很多钱。
2、 He is a boring man. He likes neither entertainment nor reading.
既不爱娱乐，也不爱读书，他是一个无聊的人。 3、 Local entertainments are listed in the newspaper.
报纸上列有当地的娱乐活动。 Lead a … life 过着……的生活 1、 The couple lead a happy life.
那对夫妻过着幸福的生活。
2、 The unemployed usually lead a hard life.
失业的人生活一般很困难。
3、 We hardly lead a life of luxury but we are not poor either.
我们谈不上奢侈的生活，但也不穷。 Crowd n. 人群；观众 vt. 挤满；使拥挤
A crowd is a large group of people who have gathered together, for example to watch or listen to something interesting, or to protest about something. 1、 A crowd had already collected outside the embassy gates.
使馆大门外已经聚集了一群人。 2、 He pushed his way through the crowd.
他在人群中往前挤。
3、 Pupils crowded round (their teacher) to ask questions.
小学生围着（老师）提问题。
4、 Don't crowd me: give me time to think!
不要逼我: 给我时间让我想想!
Crowd in （想法、问题等）涌上心头；涌入脑海
move in large numbers into a small space 1、 Disturbing thoughts crowded into my mind.
我心乱如麻。
Inspire vt. 鼓舞；激发；启示
If someone or something inspires you to do something new or unusual, they make you want to do it. 1、 His noble example inspired the rest of us to greater efforts.
他那高尚的榜样激发我们大家更加努力。
2、 The Lake District scenery inspired Wordsworth to write his greatest poetry.
英格兰湖区的美景给了华兹华斯灵感而创作出他最伟大的诗篇。 3、 His best music was inspired by the memory of his mother.
他最好的乐曲创作灵感来自怀念他的母亲。 4、 His inspiring speech elevated the audience.
他那鼓舞人心的讲话使听众振奋。 Inspiration n. 灵感；鼓舞
Inspiration is a feeling of enthusiasm you get from someone or something, which gives you new and creative ideas. 1、 Wordsworth drew (his) inspiration from the Lake District scenery. It was a great source of
inspiration to him.
华兹华斯从风景优美的英格兰湖区获得灵感. 那地方是他灵感的巨大源泉。 2、 I sat down to write my essay, but found I was completely without inspiration.
我坐下来写文章, 可是发觉自己毫无灵感。 3、 Genius is 10% inspiration and 90% perspiration.
天才是10%的灵感加上90%的勤奋. Support n. & vt. 支持；拥护
If you support someone or their ideas or aims, you agree with them, and perhaps help them because you want them to succeed.
1、 The American public stopped supporting the war in Vietnam.
美国公众不再支持美国在越南进行的战争了。
2、 Is this bridge strong enough to support heavy lorries?
这座桥禁得住重型卡车通行吗? 我求学期间由父母供养。
Look down upon/on 蔑视；瞧不起
3、 I was supported by my parents when I was studying.
regard sb/sth with contempt; consider sb/sth inferior to oneself; despise sb/sth 1、 She looks down on people who've never been to university.
她瞧不起没上过大学的人。
2、 He was looked down upon because of his humble background.
他因家世寒微而被人看不起。 Refer vi. 谈到；查阅；参考
If you refer to a particular subject or person, you talk about them or mention them. If you refer to a book or other source of information, you look at it in order to find something out. 1、 When I said some people are stupid, I wasn't referring to you.
我说有些人很愚蠢, 并不是指你。 2、 The speaker often referred to his notes.
那个讲演的人不时地看发言稿。
3、 This incident in his childhood is never again referred to.
他小时候的这件事永远不再提了。 Audience n. 观众；听众；读者
The audience at a play, concert, film, or public meeting is the group of people watching or listening to it.
The audience for a television or radio programme consists of all the people who watch or listen to it.
1、 The audience was/were enthusiastic on the opening night of the play.
那出戏首次公演之夜观众非常热情。
2、 She has addressed audiences all over the country.
她曾向全国各地的听众演讲。
3、 His book reached an even wider audience when it was filmed for television.
他的书拍成电视以後, 使读者范围扩大到观众了。 by chance 碰巧；凑巧
by accident; accidentally; unintentionally
1、 I met her quite by chance.
我遇见她完全是偶然的。
2、 Were you brought together by chance, design or destiny?
你们是因机缘走到一起，早有计划，还是命运使然？ 3、 When one wins a lottery, is this always purely by chance?
当某人彩票中奖后，是不是纯粹依靠的是运气呢？ Come across （偶然）遇见；碰见
meet or find sb/sth by chance 1、 I came across an old school friend in Oxford Street this morning.
今天早上我在牛津大街碰见一位老校友。
2、 She came across some old photographs in a drawer.
她在抽屉里偶然发现一些旧照片。
3、 Never have I come across such a difficult problem.
我还从没有遇到过这样困难的问题。 Career n. 事业；生涯
A career is the job or profession that someone does for a long period of their life.
1、 She chose an academic career.
她选择了学术界职业。
2、 She experienced a loss of identity after giving up her career to get married.
她放弃职业结婚以后有一种失落感。
3、 This career offers a challenge.
这份职业具有挑战性。 Rate n. 比率；速度
The rate at which something happens is the number of times it happens over a period of time. The rate at which something happens is the speed with which it happens.
1、 At the rate you work, you'll never finish.
按你这样的工作速度, 你绝对做不完。 2、 They drove at a steady rate.
他们以平稳的速度开车。
3、 What's the going rate of computer programmers?
计算机程序设计人员的一般工资是多少？ Sickness n. 疾病；恶心
Sickness is the state of being ill or unhealthy. Sickness is the uncomfortable feeling that you are going to vomit. 1、 They were absent because of sickness.
他们因病缺席。
2、 The sickness passed after I lay down for a while.
我躺下一会後就不恶心了。
3、 Is there much sickness in the village now?
这村庄现在患病的多吗?
4、 The symptoms of this disease are fever and sickness.
这种病的症状是发烧与呕吐。 Intend vt. 计划；打算
If you intend to do something, you have decided or planned to do it.
1、 It's not what I intended (it to be).
那并不是我的本意。
2、 I intend that you shall take over the business.
我有意让你接管公司。
3、 I think the bomb was intended for me.
我认为那颗炸弹是要炸我的。 4、 I intended it as a joke.
我不过说笑罢了。
Emergency n. 突发事件；紧急情况
An emergency is an unexpected and difficult or dangerous situation, especially an accident, which happens suddenly and which requires quick action to deal with it.
1、 You should only use this door in an emergency.
在紧急情况下才能使用这扇门。
2、 The government has declared a state of emergency.
政府已宣布进入紧急状态。
3、 It is important to keep/stay calm in an emergency.
在紧急情况下保持镇静是很重要的。 Generation n. 一代；一辈
A generation is all the people in a group or country who are of a similar age, especially when they are considered as having the same experiences or attitudes.
1、 My generation behaves differently from my father's and grandfather's.
我这一代人和我父辈及祖辈表现不同。
2、 Each generation has its own standards of judgment.
每一代都有它自己的判断标准。
3、 There exists a generation gap between the young and the old.
青年人和老年人之间存在着代沟。 Determination n. 决心；果断
Determination is the quality that you show when you have decided to do something and you will not let anything stop you. 1、 His determination carried him through (the ordeal).
他靠坚定的信心度过了难关。
2、 He confronted his pile of work with determination.
他很坚定地正视这一大堆工作。
3、 It takes a lot of determination to become a movie star.
要想成为一名电影明星需要下很大的决心。 Kindness n. 仁慈；好意
Kindness is the quality of being gentle, caring, and helpful.
1、 Your kindness quite overwhelmed me.
你的好意使我感激难言。
2、 How can I ever repay you for your kindness?
我该怎样才能报答你的好意呢？ 3、 Kindness always begets kindness.
善有善果。
Considerate adj. 考虑周到的
Someone who is considerate pays attention to the needs, wishes, or feelings of other people.
1、 It was considerate of you not to play the piano while I was asleep.
在我睡觉时你不弹钢琴, 真是体贴入微。 2、 She considerately left the door open for me.
她考虑周到地让门敞开着等我进来。
3、 You might be a thought more considerate of other people.
你该多想着点儿别人。 Consideration n. 考虑；体谅
Consideration is careful thought about something.
1、 He has never shown much consideration for his wife's needs.
他从来不大考虑妻子的需要。
2、 he proposals are still under consideration.
那些提议仍在审议中。
3、 After careful consideration, we've decided to accept their offer.
经过慎重的考虑，我们决定接受他们的提议。
Deliver vt. 递送；生（小孩儿）；接生；发表（演说等）
If you deliver something somewhere, you take it there. When someone delivers a baby, they help the woman who is giving birth to the baby. If you deliver a lecture or speech, you give it in public. 1、 Did you deliver my message to my father?
你把我的信息传给我父亲了吗? 2、 She was delivered of a healthy boy.
她生了一个健康的男孩儿。
3、 Her baby was delivered by her own doctor.
她的婴儿是由她自己的医生给接生的。
4、 The president will deliver a speech about schools.
总统将要就学校问题发表演讲。 Carry on 继续；坚持
If you carry on doing something, you continue to do it.
1、 Carry on working/with your work while I'm away.
我不在的时候, 要继续做工作。
2、 They decided to carry on in spite of the weather.
他们决定不管天气好坏都坚持下去。
3、 All we need is enough money to carry on with our work.
我们所需要的就是能有足够多的钱来支持我们的工作。 Modest adj. 谦虚的；谦让的；适度的
A modest house or other building is not large or expensive. not large in amount, size, etc; moderate 1、 Might I make a modest suggestion?
我可以提个小小的建议吗?
2、 We should be modest and prudent.
我们应该谦虚谨慎。
3、 A modest man will never boast of his merits.
谦虚的人决不夸自己的功劳。
unit 2
Statistic ? n.统计量；[-s]统计学 adj. 统计的, 统计学的
n.(statistics) (also informal stats) [pl.] a collection of information shown in numbers: crime / unemployment statistics adj: statistical analysis / methods / data 1、The statistics were given in parenthesis. 统计数字在括号里。
2、I happen to have the official statistics with me. 我碰巧身边有官方的统计数字。
3、Have you any statistics that would enforce your argument? 你有任何统计资料可以加强你的论点吗？ Sunburned ?adj. 晒伤的；古铜色的
suffering from sunburn (of a person or of skin) having an attractive brown colour from being in the sun
1、Her shoulders were badly sunburned. 他的肩膀被严重晒伤了。
2、She looked fit and sunburnt. 她看起来又健康又古铜肤色。
Struggle vi.奋斗，努力；斗争，搏斗 n.斗争，搏斗
~ (with sb)fight (with sb) （与某人）争斗, 搏斗, 打斗 ~ (against/with sb/sth)move one's body vigorously, eg trying to get free ~ (against/with sb/sth) (for sth)try to overcome difficulties, etc; make great efforts 1、two boys struggling (together) （在一起）扭打着的两个男孩
2、The shopkeeper struggled with the thief. 店主与那窃贼搏斗起来.
3、The prisoner struggled (against his captors) but couldn't escape. 那囚犯挣扎着（要摆脱那些逮他的人）, 却未能逃脱. 4、She struggled to get away from her attacker. 她挣扎着想摆脱那个侵犯她的人.
5、 struggle with a problem, one's conscience 同困难作斗争﹑ 与自己的良心搏斗 6、The two leaders are struggling for power. 那两个领导人正在争夺权力.
7、We must struggle against this prejudice for a more tolerant attitude to our beliefs. 我们必须努力克服这种偏见, 从而在信仰上采取更为宽容的态度. 8、I'm struggling to finish the huge helping you gave me. 你给我添的这麽多吃的, 我得尽力把它吃完.
3】make one's way with difficulty (in the specified direction) 艰难地（朝某方向）行进 1、The chick finally broke through the shell and struggled out (of it). 小鸡终於破开蛋壳, 挣扎着（从中）钻了出来.
4】(phr v) struggle along/onmanage to survive in spite of great difficulties 勉强生存下去 1、We're struggling along on a tiny income. 我们依靠极少的收入过活. > struggle n.
1】fight 打斗; 格斗; 搏斗; 战斗; 斗争 1、a fierce struggle between two wrestlers 两名摔交运动员之间的激烈搏斗
2、a power struggle权力斗争 / the class struggle阶级斗争 3、We will not surrender without a struggle. 我们绝不会不战而降.
2】(usu sing通常作单数) great effort 努力; 奋斗
1、After a long struggle, she gained control of the business. 她经过长期的努力, 在业务上已能应付自如. decade n.十年，十年期
a period of ten year 1、the first decade of the 20th century
1900-1909 20世纪最初的十年（1900-1909）.
2、Several decades have elapsed since I graduated from the college. ? 我大学毕业已数十年了。
super a.极好的，超级的 super- ?pref 前缀
(a) (with ns and vs 与名词和动词结合) above; over 在...之上; 超过 superstructure * superimpose.
(b) (with adjs and advs 与形容词和副词结合) superior to; more than 优於; 超:superhuman * supernaturally.
(esp with adjs 尤与形容词结合) extremely; very 极端; 非常：super-intelligent * super-chic.
(esp with ns 尤与名词结合) larger, more efficient, etc than the standard sort 特大的; 特别有效的; 超级大的: superglue * super-lubricant.
hybrid n.& adj. ?n.混合物, 杂种, 混血儿 adj.杂种的, 混合的?
1】 or plant that has parents of different species or varieties 杂交生成的动植物; 杂种动物; 杂交植物 1、A mule is a hybrid of a male donkey and a female horse. 骡子是公驴和母马交配而生的杂种动物.
2】thing made by combining two differentelements, esp a word with parts from different languages（不同成分的）混合物, 合成物; （尤指由不同语言成分构成的）混合词.
> hybrid adj
1】produced as a hybrid; cross-bred 杂交产生的; 杂种的 a hybrid animal, plant 由杂交生成的动物﹑ 植物. 2】composed of unrelated parts 混合的; 合成的; 混成的. hybridize, -ise v (of animals or plants) produce hybrids; interbreed （指动植物）产生杂交品种, 杂交. cause (animals or plants) to produce hybrids; cross-breed 使（动植物）产生杂交品种; 使杂交. Output n&vt. n.产量；输出，输出功率 vt.输出(信息等) 1】n. quantity of goods, etc produced (by a machine, worker, etc) 1、The average output of the factory is 20 cars a day. 该工厂的平均产量是每天20辆汽车.
2】 power, energy, etc produced (by a generator, etc) （发电机等的）输出功率 2、 an output of 100 watts 功率100瓦.
Strain n.&vi.&vt. n. 过度的疲劳, 紧张, 张力, 应变vt. 扭伤, 损伤v. 拉紧, 扯紧, (使)紧张, 尽力 1】v. stretch (sth) tightly by pulling
1、strain a rope (to breaking-point/until it breaks) 把绳子拉紧（直到拉断）.
2】v. make the greatest possible effort; use all one's power, energy, etc (to do sth) 竭力; 用全力（做某事） 1、wrestlers heaving and straining 尽力拼搏的摔交运动员
2、strain (one's ears) to hear a conversation 聚精会神地听别人交谈
3、straining to understand what she meant 努力弄懂她的意思
3】(phr v) strain at sth make a strenuous effort by pulling at sth 用力拉﹑ 拖﹑ 拽﹑ 曳...某物 1、rowers straining at the oars 用力划桨的划船手
2、dogs straining at the lead
用力拖曳牵狗皮带的狗.
4】strain sth off (from sth) remove (eg liquid) from solid matter by using a sieve, etc 滤去（液体等） 1、strain off the water from the cabbage when it is cooked 烹调洋白菜时把水分滤掉. strained adj
1】unnatural, forced and artificial; not easy or relaxed 不自然的; 勉强的; 造作的; 1、a strained laugh 勉强的笑 2、strained relations 关系紧张
2】overtired and anxious 过度疲劳和焦虑的; 心力交瘁的 1、She looked very strained when I last saw her. 我上次看见她时, 她显得非常憔悴. strainer n 1】(esp in compounds 尤用以构成复合词) device for straining liquids 过滤器; 滤网
a ea-strainer 滤茶器.
2】breed or type (of animal, insect, plant, etc) （动物﹑ 昆虫﹑ 植物等的）系, 品系, 品种, 类型 1、a new strain of wheat
小麦的新品种
2、strains of mosquitoes that are resistant to insecticide
对杀虫剂有抗药性的蚊虫.
crop ?n&vt n.作物；收成；一批 vt.剪短，修剪
1.】[C] amount of grain, hay, fruit, etc grown in one year or season （谷物﹑ 乾草﹑ 水果等一年或一季的）收成, 产量 1、he potato crop 马铃薯的产量 2、a good crop of rice 稻谷的丰收 3、a bumper crop 特大的丰收 4、a crop failure 歉收.
2】crops [pl] agricultural plants in the fields 农作物; 庄稼 1、treat the crops with fertilizer 给农作物施肥.
3】[sing] ~ of sth group of people or quantity of things appearing or produced at the same time （同时出现或产生的）一群（人）, 一批（事物） 1、this year's crop of students 本届大学生
2、The programme brought quite a crop of complaints from viewers.
该节目招致观众诸多不满.
v. cropped, crop·ping, crops To cut or bite off the tops or ends of
tomatoes have cropped well this year. ?
今年马铃薯丰收。
hunger ?n&vi n. 饥饿, 渴望; v. 饿, 渴望, 使 ... 饥饿 1】n. state of not having enough to eat; lack of food 1、He died of hunger. 他饿死了. 2、satisfy one's hunger 解饿.
2】[sing] ~ for sth (fig 比喻) strong desire for sth 渴望某事物 1、have a hunger for adventure
渴望冒险.
disturbing ?adj. 烦扰的, 担心的, 令人不安的
making you feel anxious and upset or shocked 1、I hate disturbing people while the show is going on. ? 演出进行的时候，我最不喜欢打扰别人。 2、He has had some disturbing experience. 他有过一些使他很不安的经历。
3、I wouldn't think of disturbing them at this hour of the night. 我不能想象这样深更半夜去打扰他们。 expand v.使 ... 膨胀, 详述, 扩张, 增加, 张开
1】~ (sth) (into sth)(cause sth to) become greater in size, number or importance 1、Metals expand when they are heated. 金属受热则膨胀.
2、His modest business eventually expanded into a supermarket empire. 他原先不大的生意後来扩展成了超级市场集团企业.
2】expand on sth develop or give more of (a story, an argument, etc) 1、You mentioned the need for extra funding. Would you expand on that? 你曾提到需要一笔额外资金. 你详细谈谈好吗? Circulate v.(使)循环；(使)流传，传播 1】(cause sth to) go round continuously 1、Blood circulates through the body. 血液在体内循环.
2】(cause sth to) pass from one place, person, etc to another 1、The news of her death circulated(ie spread)quickly. 她死去的消息迅速传开.
battle n.战役(斗);斗争,决斗 vi.作战,斗争 1】, esp between organized armed forces 1、a fierce battle激烈的战斗 2、the battle of Waterloo滑铁卢战役 3、go out to battle奔赴战场 4、die in battle 阵亡.
2】(fig比喻) any contest or struggle 1、a battle of words, wits 一场舌战﹑ 智斗
2、Their whole life was a constant battle against poverty. 他们一生都在不断地与贫穷作斗争.
3】v. do battle (with sb) (about sth)fight or argue fiercely (with sb) (about sth) ~ (with/against sb/sth) (for sth); ~ (on)struggle 斗争; 搏斗; 奋斗 1、battling against ill health 与病魔作斗争
2、They battled with the wind and the waves. 他们与风浪搏斗.
3、I'm battling with my employers for a pay-rise.
我正向雇主力争增加工资. Rid vt.使摆脱，解除负担，从…中清除
1】~ sb/sth of sb/sthmake sb/sth free from (sb/sth unpleasant or unwanted) 使某人[某事物]摆脱（讨厌的或不想要的人[事物]）
1、rid the world of famine使世界不再有饥荒 2、rid the house of mice 把房子里的老鼠消灭光.
2】(idm 习语) be/get rid of sb/sthbe/become free of 摆脱 1、He was a boring nuisance! I'm glad to be rid of him. 他这人真讨厌! 我很庆幸能摆脱他的纠缠.
2、The shop ordered 20 copies of the book and now it can't get rid of(ie sell)them. 该店定购了20本这种书, 现在却无法脱手. freedom n.自由
1.】condition of being free; state of not being a prisoner or slave 自由 1、After 10 years in prison, he was given his freedom. 他坐了10年监狱以後又得到了自由.
2】(a) [U, C] ~ (of sth)right (esp political) to act, speak, etc as one pleases without interference （随意行动﹑ 讲话等的, 尤指政治的）自由权 1、reedom of speech, thought, worship, etc 言论﹑ 思想﹑ 礼拜等的自由权 2、press freedom出版自由
3、preserve the freedoms of the trade-union movement 保护工会运动的自由权.
(b) [U] ~ (of sth); ~ (to do sth)state of being unrestricted in one's actions; liberty 个人的行动自主; 自由 1、freedom of action, choice, decision, etc 行动﹑ 选择﹑ 决定等的自由
2、He enjoyed complete freedom to do as he wished. 他享有完全按照自己的意愿行事的自由.
3】[U] ~ from sthstate of being without or not affected by the thing specified 1、 freedom from fear, pain, hunger, etc 无恐惧﹑ 痛苦﹑ 饥饿等.
4】[sing] the ~ of sth unrestricted use of sth
1、I gave him the freedom of my house and belongings. 我让他随便使用我的房子和东西. therefore ad.因此，所以
for that reason 1、He's only 17 and therefore not eligible to vote. 他只有17岁因此没有选举权。
2、There is still much to discuss. We shall, therefore, return to this item at our next meeting.
还有很多问题需要讨论，因此，我们需要在会议上重返这个话题。 Equip vt.装备，配备；(智力、体力上)使有准备 v.(equips equipping equipped) > equipmentn[U]
1】to provide a person or place with the things they need for a particular purpose
1、office equipment办公室的设备/sports equipment运动器材 2、a factory with modern equipment
有现代化设备的工厂.
2】to provide someone with the skills or personal qualities they need in order to deal with a situation successfully
1、The training had equipped her to deal with emergency situations. 培训训练了她应对紧急突发状况的能力。
3】~ sb/sth (with sth)supply sb/sth (with what is needed, for a particular purpose) 1、They equipped themselves for the expedition. 他们为远征治装.
2、A good education should equip you for life. 有良好的教育能受用终生. Sorghum n. 高粱.
[U]very small grain grown as food in tropical countries grain n.谷物；谷粒，颗粒，细粒；少量，微量
1】[U, C]the small hard seeds of food plants such as wheat, rice, etc.; a single seed of such a plant 1、America's grain exports 美国的谷物出口 2、a few grains of ricein a bowl碗中的几颗米粒. 2】[C]a small hard piece of particular substances 1、 a grain of salt / sand / sugar 盐粒/沙粒/糖粒
3】[C](used especially in negative sentences) a very small amount 1、There isn't a grain of truth in those rumours. 那事无丝毫真实性.
export v.出口，输出n.出口(物)，输出(品)
1】~ (sth) (to sb) to sell and send goods to another country 1、The islands export sugar and fruit. 这个岛出口糖和水果。
2、90% of the engines are exported to Europe. 这种引擎90%出口至欧洲。
2】[VN]to introduce an idea or activity to another country or area 3、American pop music has been exported around the world.
美国流行音乐风靡全世界。
1】[U]the selling and transporting of goods to another country a ban on the export of live cattle 禁止牲畜出口/ an export licence出口证书 2】[C, usually pl.]a product that is sold to another country 1、India exports tea and cotton to many different countries.
印度向许多国家出口茶叶和棉花。
Exportation exporting of goods 输出; 出口 1、articles for exportation abroad 销往国外的物品
2、He manufactures paper for exportation only. 他的工厂生产的纸张仅供出口.
exporter n person, company or country that exports goods 出口商; 出口公司; 出口国: 1、Argentina is a big exporter of beef products. 阿根廷是牛肉制品的一大出口国. 2、He is a successful exporter of diamonds. 他是事业有成的钻石出口商. nationality n.国籍，民族
1】[U, C] membership of a particular nation 国籍 1、What is your nationality? 你是哪国人?
2、He has French nationality. 他是法国籍.
2】[C] ethnic group forming part of a political nation （构成国家一部分的）民族群体 1、the two main nationalities of former Czechoslovakia 前捷克斯洛伐克的两大民族. occupation n.工作，职业；占领
1】[C](especially written) a job or profession
1、Please state your name, age and occupation below. 请在下面写上你的姓名、年龄和职业。
2】the act of moving into a country, town, etc. and taking control of it using military force 1、their four-year occupation of that country 他们对该国四年的占领期.
> occupational adj [usu attrib 通常作定语] of, caused by or connected with a person's job 1、occupational disease 职业病 2、occupational therapist职业疗法专家. personality n.性格，个性；人格
1】[C] characteristics and qualities of a person seen as a whole
1、a likeable personality 讨人喜欢的个性
2、She has a very strong personality. 她个性很强.
3、influences which affect the development of a child's personality 影响儿童性格发展的因素
2】[U, C] distinctive, esp socially attractive, qualities 特色（尤指社交上有吸引力的素质） 1、His wife was very beautiful, but seemed to have no personality. 他的妻子很漂亮, 但似乎没有什麽特点. confuse vt.使困惑；混淆；使为难
1】to make someone feel that they do not understand something 1、They confused me by asking so many questions。 他们提了一大堆问题, 把我都弄糊涂了.
2】[Tn] put (sth) into disorder; upset 把（某事物）搞乱; 打乱 1、 Her unexpected arrival confused all our plans. 她突然来到把我们所有的计划全打乱了.
3】~ A and/with B mistake one person or thing for another 混淆 1、I always confuse the sisters: they look so alike。 我总是分不出这对姐妹, 她们看上去简直一模一样. 2、Don't confuse Austria and/with Australia. 不要把奥地利跟澳大利亚弄混淆了.
4】[Tn] make (sth) unclear; muddle 使（某事物）模糊不清; 使含糊 1、a confused argument自相矛盾的论点 2、Don't confuse the issue,不要把问题搅乱 > confused adj
unable to think clearly; bewildered 糊涂的; 迷乱的
1、All your changes of plan have made me totally confused. 你把计划改来改去, 我都糊涂了. regret vt. 遗憾；惋惜 n. 遗憾；懊悔
verb(-tt-)
1】to feel sorry about sth you have done or about sth that you have not been able to do 1、If you don't do it now, you'll only regret it. 假若你现在不做, 一定得後悔 2、I deeply regret what I said. 我很後悔不该说那话.
2】feel sorrow about (the loss of sb/sth); wish to have (sb/sth) again 1、regret lost/missed opportunities
对失去[错过]机会感到惋惜 2、His death was regretted by all. 他去世了, 大家都很悲痛.
noun 1】(formal) used to say in a polite or formal way that you are sorry or sad about a situation 1、give/send
one's regrets。 深表歉意
2、Please accept my regrets at refusing/that I must refuse. 有拂雅意, 深以为憾.
> regrettable adj.令人痛惜的; 令人遗憾的; 可悲的; 不幸的 1、regrettable failures, losses, mistakes, etc 令人惋惜的失败﹑ 损失﹑ 错误等
2、a regrettably small income 少得可怜的收入. chemical a.化学的 n.化学制品
adj.
1】connected with chemistry 1、 a chemical element 化学元素 /the chemical industry化学工业
2】produced by or using processes which involve changes to atoms or MOLECULES: 1、chemical reactions / processes 化学反应/化学过程
noun
a substance obtained by or used in a chemical process 化学制品。
1、Farmers are being urged to reduce their use of chemicals. 农民被要求减少化学制品的使用。 organic a.有机(体)的，有机物的
or practised without using artificial chemicals organic substances/food 有机物/有机食物 Fertile a.肥沃的，富饶的；丰产的；丰富的
(of land or soil) that plants grow well in 1、The rotation of crops keeps the soil healthy and fertile. 谷物轮种使土壤保持了肥力和高质。 2、There are fertile fields in the Nile Delta. 尼罗河三角洲土地肥沃。
3、We have irrigated the desert area to make it fertile. 我们已经灌溉了荒芜地区使它肥沃。 production n. 产品
the process of growing or making food, goods or materials, especially large quantities 1、We must increase production levels.
我们必须提高生产水平。
2、We must increase production levels.
电话响了，但她不理不睬。
3、We must increase production levels
他完全不理她的陈述，仍旧坚持自己的理论。
Bacteria n.细菌
simplest and smallest forms of plant life, microscopic organisms that exist in large numbers in air, water and soil, and also in living and dead creatures and plants, and are often a cause of disease 1、Such a growth or colony, as of bacteria. 培养菌该种生长物或群落，如培养菌
2、It is possible to multiply bacteria and other living organisms in the laboratory. 在实验室能够繁殖细菌和其他生物。
3、Bacteria are too small to see with the naked eye. 细菌太小，肉眼看不见。 Pest n.有害生物，害虫；讨厌的人
insect or animal that destroys plants, food, etc 1、Stores of grain are frequently attacked by pests, especially rats. 储存的榖物经常受损坏, 尤其是老鼠为患最甚.
2、garden pests, eg slugs, greenfly 花园中的害虫（如蛞蝓﹑ 蚜虫）. build up vt. 建立, 逐步增长, 增进, 加强, 积累
is a gradual increase in something 1、The movie company has done so much to build up its honour and prosperity. 这家电影公司为宣扬它的荣誉和繁荣做了如此多的工作。 2、Eventually, these books will build up into a fine library. 最终，这些书集聚成为一间很好的藏书室。 3、She was studying to build up her algebra. 她在学习以提高自己的代数水平。 lead to 导致；导向
1、The Government's present course will only lead to disaster. 政府的现行方针后患无穷。
2、Too much work and too little rest often lead to illness. 过量的工作和过少的休息会引起疾病。
3、Such an offence will lead to a summary fine. 这类过错要当场予以罚款。 nutrition n.营养
the process by which living things receive the food necessary for them to grow and be healthy 1、Growth is a function of nutrition. 长身体是由营养决定的
2、Poor nutrition because of an insufficient or poorly balanced diet or faulty digestion or utilization of foods.
营养不良由于食量不足或食物结构不平衡、消化不良或食物吸收不良而引起的营养匮乏 3、Our bodies need adequate nutrition.
我们的身体需要充足的营养。
> nutritional adj: the nutritional value of a food 某种食物的营养价值. Nutritionist n .expert in nutrition 营养学家.
nutritious of (high) value as food; nourishing 有营养价值的; 营养价值高的; 滋养的 1、a nutritious meal, snack, etc 有营养的饭菜﹑ 小吃等. 2、Mineral n.矿物，矿石，矿嘲质
a substance that is naturally present in the earth and is not formed from animal or vegetable matter, for example gold and salt 1、We are digging for mineral deposits. 我们正在掘地探矿。
2、They have sold up ten crates of mineral water in the afternoon. 他们这个下午卖掉了十箱矿泉水。 3、This shop sells minerals. 这家商店卖矿泉水。
Discovery n.被发现的事物；发现，发觉
~ (that ...) an act or the process of finding sb/sth, or learning about sth that was not known about before 1、The discovery caused a tremendous commotion in the scientific world. 那项发现在科学界引起极大的震动。
2、The discovery that her husband was unfaithful to her was a rude (ie shocking) awakening. 她发觉丈夫对自己不忠而猛醒。
3、The new discovery caused a great sensation. 这项新发现很轰动。
focus v.(on)聚集，集中，聚焦 n.焦点，焦距，聚焦
v.~ (sth) (on / upon sb/sth) to give attention, effort, etc. to one particular subject, situation or person rather than another 1、Bring the object into focus if you want a sharp photograph. 要照出清晰的照片，就要把焦点对准物体。 2、All eyes were focused on him. 大家的眼光都注意着他。
3、You should focus your attention on your work. 你应该把注意力放到工作上。
n.[C usu sing通常作单数] centre of activity, interest, etc 1、Her beauty makes her the focus of attention. 她长得漂亮, 很惹人注目.
2、In tonight's programme our focus is on Germany.
在今天晚上的节目中我们重点介绍德国. Soil n.泥土，土地，土壤 vt.弄脏，使变脏
top layer of the earth in which plants, trees, grow etc. 1、poor / dry / acid / sandy soil 贫瘠/干燥/酸性/沙土壤 2、the study of rocks and soils 岩石与土壤的研究 3、soil erosion 土壤侵蚀
4、It was the first time I had set foot on African soil.这是我第一次来到美国。
Verb .to make sth dirty I don't want you soiling your hands with this sort of work (= doing sth unpleasant or wrong).我不想让这工作脏了你的手。
reduce vt. 减少，缩小；使降级，使沦落；迫使
1】~ sth (from sth) (to/by sb)make sth smaller in size, number, degree, price, etc 1、reduce volume, quantity, pressure, speed 缩小体积﹑ 减少数量﹑ 降低压力﹑ 减低速度 2、increase profits by reducing costs 降低成本以增加利润
3、reduce one's weight from 98 to 92 kilos/by 6 kilos 把体重从98公斤减少到92公斤[减少6公斤]
4、This shirt was greatly/drastically reduced in the sale. 这种衬衣在大减价时降价很多.
2】~ sb (from sth) to sth make sb lower in rank or status; demote sb 降低某人的级别或地位; 1、
reduce a sergeant to the ranks, ie make him an ordinary soldier 把一名中士降为士兵
2、The reform has reduced us to servants of the State. 这一改革把我们都降为公务员了.
3】~ sb/sth (from sth) to sthbring sb/sth into a specified (usu worse) state or condition 使某人[某事物]陷入某种（通常指更坏的）状态或状况中 1、be reduced to begging, borrowing 沦落到得要饭﹑ 借债
2、reduce sb to tears, silence, despair, obedience 使某人流泪﹑ 沉默﹑ 绝望﹑ 顺从
3、Overwork has reduced him to a physical wreck. 他过度劳累而损害了健康.
4、The fire reduced the house to ashes. 这场火灾把那所房子化为灰烬.
4】~ sth to sthchange sth to a more general or basic form 将 某事物概括或简化成某种形式1、reduce an equation, argument, issue to its simplest form 把某方程式﹑ 论据﹑ 问题化为最简单形式 2、reduce a problem to two main issues 把某问题归纳成两个要点.
> reducible adj~ (to sth)that can be reduced 可缩减的; 可降低的; 可化简的; 可还原的. root n.根(部)；根源[ pl.]祖籍 v.(使)生根
1】[C] part of a plant that keeps it firmly in the soil and absorbs water and food from the soil （植物的）根（部） 1、a plant with very long roots根部很长的植物 2、pull a plant up by the roots 把一植物连根拔起.
2】roots[pl] family ties, feelings, etc that attach a person emotionally and culturally to the society or community where he grew up and/or lives or where his ancestors lived （家族的）根 1、Many Americans have roots in Europe. 许多美国人祖籍在欧洲.
2、She has no real roots in this area. 她原籍不在这儿.
3】[C] part of a hair, tooth, nail or tongue that attaches it to the rest of the body （毛发﹑ 牙齿﹑ 指甲或舌头的）根部 1、pull hair out by(ie complete with)the roots 把头发连根拔掉.
4】[C esp sing 尤作单数] (fig比喻) source or basis 根源; 根基; 根本; 基础: 1、The root of the problem is lack of trust. 产生这问题的根源在於缺乏信任.
2、Money is often said to be the root of all evil. 金钱常常说成是万恶之源.
> rootless no root or roots 无根的; 无根基的 rootlessness n[U]. 1、a rootless wandering life 飘泊无依的生活.
】(of a plant) send down roots and begin to grow （指植物）生根成长 1、This type of plant roots easily. 这种植物容易生根成长.
(b) [Tn, ] plant (sth) 种植（某物）
1、Root the cuttings in peat. 把插枝扦插泥炭中.
2】[ esp passive 尤用於被动语态] cause (sb) to stand fixed and unmoving 使（某人）站立不动 1、be/stand rooted to the spot/ground站在那里不动
2、Fear rooted him to the spot.他吓得呆若木鸡.
3】[usu passive 通常用於被动语态: Tn, ] establish (sth) deeply and firmly 使（某事物）深深扎根; 牢固地树立（某事物）
1、 a story firmly rooted in reality 深深扎根於现实中的小说
2、 Her affection for him is deeply rooted. 她对他矢志不渝.
3、 He has a rooted objection to cold baths.
他一向反对冷水浴.
4】(phr v) root sth outdestroy sthcompletely 根除某事物 1、determined to root out corruption 决心根除腐败现象.
2、root sth updig or pull up (a plant, etc) with the roots 将（植物等）连根挖出或拔起. skim vt.撇(去)；掠过；浏览，略读
1】skim sth from/off sth; skim sth offremove (cream, scum, etc) from the surface of a liquid （从液体表面）撇去（油脂﹑ 浮沫等）
1、skim the cream from the milk 从牛奶上撇去奶油 2、 skim the fat off (the soup) 把（汤上面的）油撇去
2】~ (along / over, etc.) sth to move quickly and lightly over a surface, not touching it or only touching it occasionally
1、swallows skimming (over) the water/along the ground 擦着水面[地面]飞过的燕子 2、aircraft skimming the roof-tops 从屋顶上掠过的飞机.
(b) [Tn, ] cause (a stone, etc) to pass low over water, bouncing several times 使（石块等）擦过水面, 反弹几次; 用（石块等）打水漂:
1、skimming pebbles (over the lake) 用小圆石（在湖面上）打水漂.
2、3】~ (through/over) sthread sth quickly, noting only the main points 略读; 浏览 1、skim (through) the report in half an hour
用半小时浏览这份报告
2、skim over the list, looking for one's name 很快地看着名单, 寻找自己的名字. underline vt.在…下面划线；强调，使突出
To draw a line under; emphasize or cause to stand out; underscore. To emphasize; stress.
1、In word processing, a facility to automatically underline text. 在字(词)处理技术中，自动在正文下面划线的一种设施 2、Those words are underlined in the English book. 那本英语书中有些单词下画着线进行强调。
3、Strikes by prison officers underline the need for reform in our gaols. 监狱工作人员罢工一事，突出地表明我们的监狱制度需要改革。 summary n.摘要，概要 a.即刻的，立即的
1】brief statement of themain points of sth 总结; 摘要; 概要 1、a two-page summaryof a government report 共两页的政府报告摘要
2、Here is a summary of the news/a news summary.
以下是新闻摘要.
2】(idm 习语) in summary as a brief statement of the main point(s) 总的说来; 归纳起来1、And so I would say, in summary, that the campaign has been a great success. 因此我认为, 总的看来, 这场运动成绩很大. > summary adj [usu attrib 通常作定语]
1、done or given immediately, without attention to details or formal procedure 即刻作出或给予的（未顾及细节或正常程序）
1、summary justice, punishment, methods 即决裁判﹑ 当场的处罚﹑ 简易的方法 2、Such an offence will lead to a summary fine. 这类过错要当场予以罚款.
3】giving the main points only; brief 概括的; 扼要的; 简明的 1、a summary account of a long debate 对一长时的辩论的概述. summarily adv: summarily dismissed 立即开除.
summarize, -ise v [I, Tn] be or make a summary of (sth) 总结, 概括（某事物） 1、a talk summarizing recent trends in philosophy 概述当前哲学界动态的讲话.
comment n.注释, 评论, 闲话 v.评论, 注释 1】 written or spoken remark giving an opinion
1、The Prime Minister was not available for comment. 首相无暇作出评论。
2、The minister refused to comment on the rumors of his resignation. 部长拒绝就他辞职一事的传闻发表评论。
3、He made several favorable comments about their candidate. 他对他们的候选人发表了一些有利的评论。
2】v.~ (on sth) written or spoken remark giving an opinion on, explaining or criticizing (an event, a person, a situation, etc) 意见; 解释; 评论; 批评 1、Have you any comment(s) to make on the recent developments? 你对最近的事态发展有什麽评论吗?
2、The scandal caused a lot of comment, ie of talk, gossip, etc. 这件丑闻遭到很多议论.
3】(idm 习语) ,no `comment(said in reply to a question) I have nothing to say about that （回答问题时所说）无可奉告
1、Will you resign, Minister?' `No comment!'‘ 部长, 你是要辞职吗?’‘无可奉告.’ producer n.生产者, 制造者, 制片人
1】person, company, country, etc that produces (1) goods or materials 生产者（可指个人﹑ 公司﹑ 国家等）; 制造者; 产地
1、The firm is Britain's main producer of electronic equipment. 该公司为英国主要的电子设备制造厂家.
2、The producers of the radios could not find a market for them. 这些收音机制造厂产品打不开销路.
3、the conflicting interests of producers and consumers 生产者与消费者的利害冲突.
2】(a) person in charge of a film or theatrical production, who obtains the money to make the film or put on the play, and arranges the schedules, publicity, etc （影片的）制片人; （戏剧的）主管人, 制作总监.
(b) person who arranges the making of a TV or radio programme, a record, etc （电视或广播节目﹑ 唱片等的）制作人, 监制.
(c) (esp in the amateur theatre) person who arranges the performance of a play, telling the actors what to do; director （尤指业余剧团的）舞台监督, 导演. (d) director of an opera performance 歌剧导演. industrial adj.工业的, 产业的 n.工业公司
attrib [作定语] of or engaged in industry 工业的; 产业的; 从事工业的 1、industrial workers产业工人 /industrial development 工业发展. 2、The stockbroker has placed the money in industrial stock. 证券经纪人已用那笔钱购入了工业股票。
3、The industrial exposition will be held on September. 工业博览会将于九月召开。
Unit3
Humour n. 幽默，滑稽
the ability or tendency to think that things are funny, or funny things you say that show you have this ability 1、 Humour is so subjective that you can find an example to support
any point of view on this.
她有志气、 性格刚强，有助于她渡过难关。 2、Her sense of humour appealed to him enormously.
她的幽默感把他强烈地吸引住了。
3、You must humour her pleasure to talk with her in order to win her favour.
为了博得她的欢心，你得顺着她的话说。 Comedy n. 幽默，滑稽
consists of types of entertainment, such as plays and films, or particular scenes in them that are intended to make people laugh. 1、No one can touch him (ie He is the best) as a comedian/in comedy.
他这个喜剧演员[演喜剧]没人能比得上。
2、This comedy has had them rolling in the aisles for two weeks.
这出喜剧让观众们连续两个星期乐得前仰后合。
3、The comedy of a situation involves those aspects of it that make you laugh.
情景喜剧所涉及的方面会是你发笑。
Content adj. 满足的；满意的 n. 满足 vt. 使满足
happy and satisfied with what you have 1、We can't go abroad this year, so we'll have to content ourselves with a holiday in Shanghai.
今年我们不能出国，所以只能去上海度假了。 2、He is quite content with his present fortune.
他对自己目前的境遇颇为得意。
3、We'll be content with a respectable result in tomorrow's match.
我们将对明天比赛中取得的突出成绩感到满意。 Performer n. 表演者
an actor, musician etc who performs to entertain people 1、A performer who pretends to swallow fire.
吞火魔术师是一个假装吞火的表演者。
2、The performer received only pitying looks from his audience.
从观众的表情中看出，表演者得到的只是同情和怜悯。
3、Newcastle Brown is an outstanding performer in the British beer market.
纽卡索·布朗在英国的啤酒市场上是个出色地表演者。 Astonish vt. 使惊诧
to surprise sb. very much 1、She astonished me with her beautiful handwriting.
她以其秀丽的书法而使我惊异。
2、I was astonished at the news of his escape.
听到他逃之夭夭的消息，我感到惊讶。
3、They looked astonished when I announced I was pregnant.
当我宣布我怀孕了的时候，他们看上去非常惊诧。 Astonishing adj. 令人感到惊诧的
very surprising; difficult to believe 1、He was eating his food with astonishing speed.
他以令人惊讶的速度吃饭。
2、It's astonishing how much the place has changed.
这个地方变了很多，令人惊讶。
3、Her first novel enjoyed an astonishing success.
他的第一部小说取得了令人惊讶的成功。 Fortunate adj. 幸运的；吉利的
someone who is fortunate has something good happen to them, or is in a good situation 1、I was fortunate to have/in having a good teacher.
我很幸运, 有位好老师。
2、It was very fortunate for him that I arrived on time.
我按时到了, 算他走运。
3、I was late, but fortunately the meeting hadn't started.
我迟到了, 不过还好会议还没开始。 Unfortunately adv. 不幸地
used to say that a particular situation or fact makes you sad or disappointed, or gets you into a difficult position 1、Unfortunately the restaurant he recommended fell far short of our expectations.
遗憾的是他推荐的餐厅与我们心目中的相去甚远。 2、I like cats but unfortunately I'm allergic to them.
我很喜欢猫,但遗憾的是我对猫过敏。 3、Unfortunately, I missed the last train.
我不幸错过了末班火车。 Ordinary adj. 平常的；普通的
not different or special or unexpected in any way; usual 1、Now electrical appliances have entered into ordinary families.
现在家用电器已经步入普通家庭。
2、At that time they could not produce ordinary garments, not to speak of high-grade ones.
那时他们连普通衣服都不能生产，更不要说高级的了。
3、An ordinary subway train, approaching the station, can be twice as loud as the loudest jet.
平常的地下火车接近车站时，发出的声音可能是最大声的喷射机的两倍。 Bored adj. 厌烦的
feeling tired and impatient because you have lost interest in sb./sth。or because you have nothing to do 1、I'm bored by history dates and battles and all that stuff.
我让历史科给烦透了--那些日期，战争之类的事。
2、He rattled on about his job, not noticing how bored she was.
他只顾喋喋不休地说自己工作上的事，没注意到她有多么腻烦。 3、I'm rather bored by the rumor.
这谣传我真听厌烦了。
Entertain vt.&vi.. 使欢乐；款待
to amuse or interest people in a way that gives them pleasure 1、He entertained us for hours with his stories and jokes.
他给我们讲故事﹑ 说笑话, 让我们高兴了好几小时。
2、Could you entertain the children for an hour, while I make supper?
我做晚饭时, 你能哄孩子们玩一个小时吗? 3、He cut off a bunch of grapes to entertain us.
他剪下一串葡萄招待我们。
Throughout prep.&adv. 遍及；贯穿 到处；始终；全部
in every part of a particular area, place etc 1、The house was painted green throughout.
那房子整个涂成绿色的了。
2、Certain names in the book were underlined throughout.
书中在某些名字下面都划了线。 3、News spread throughout the country.
这消息传遍了全国。 Homeless adj. 无家可归的
having no home or permanent place of residence 1、She's completely homeless at least I have my parents to fall back on.
她是真正无家可归--我至少有父母可依靠。 2、It was decent of her to help the homeless.
她帮助无家可归的人，真是可敬。
3、Helping the homeless is an act of mercy.
帮助无家可归者是慈善行为。 Up to now ex. 直到现在
Until now, so far 1、Her life has run smoothly up to now.
她的生活到目前仍一帆风顺。
2、Up to now, how many minorities in our country?.
如今，我们国家有多少个少数民族？ 3、What are you doing up to now?.
你现在在干嘛？
Feel/be content with ex. 对…满足
pleased because something has happened in the way that you want, or because you have got what you want 1、It is better to be content with what one has than to risk losing everything by being too greedy.
一鸟在手，胜于二鸟在林(最好满足于现有的，以免因贪心而失去一切)。 2、He is content with living in obscurity.
他满足于默默无闻的生活。
3、He feels content with his job in the farm .
他对自己在农场的工作感到满足。 Badly off ex.穷的；缺少的
have less than enough of 1、we may be poor, Harry, but we are not that badly off.
我们虽然穷，哈里，可我们还没穷到那么糟糕呢。 2、I am quite badly off recently.
最近我经济上很拮据。
3、The refugees are badly off for blankets, and even worse off for food.
他虽说又愚蠢又吝啬，但他有幽默的长处。 Moustache n. 小胡子
hair that grows on a man's upper lip 1、He was sporting a moustache.
他在炫耀他那一簇胡子。
2、Arrived with bad news; a man with a moustache.
带来坏消息; 留络腮胡子的男人。
3、When he was twenty years old, he began to have a moustache.
当他二十岁的时候，他长了胡子。 Worn adj. 用旧的；用坏的；破烂的
something that is worn looks old and damaged because it has been used a lot 1、These shoes are looking rather worn.
这双鞋不成样子了。 2、I've worn holes in my socks.
我把袜子穿破了。
3、He showed us a good tire for comparison (with the worn one).
他给我们看一个好轮胎(与磨损的)作比较。 Failure n. 失败（者）
a lack of success in achieving or doing something 1、Failure in one examination should not stop you trying again.
一次考试不及格不应妨碍你再试一次。 2、All my efforts ended in failure.
我所有的努力都失败了。
3、I shall have another chance in the event of failure.
如果失败，我还有另一个机会。 Overcome vt. &vi. 战胜；克服
to successfully control a feeling or problem that prevents you from achieving something 1、There will be no difficulty in the world that they cannot overcome.
世界上任何困难他们都可以克服。
2、It is greatly to your credit that you have overcome such difficulties.
你们克服了这么大的困难，值得表扬。
3、After she'd overcome her initial shyness, she became very friendly.
她克服了开始时的羞涩之后，就变得非常友善。 Leather nj. 皮革
material made by removing the hair or fur from animal skins and preserving the skins using special processes 1、This wallet feels to me like leather.
我觉得这钱包像是皮的。
2、This sofa is covered in real leather.
这沙发是真皮的。
3、This type of material is a poor substitute for leather.
这种材料代替皮革十分勉强。 Pick out ex. 挑出；辨别出
recognize sth. when it is difficult to see them, for example because they are among a large group 1、If you run back over the season, you can't pick out a game in which he played badly.
如果你回顾一下整个赛季，你举不出他哪一场打得不好。
2、He tried to pick out the tune of a song he had heard on the radio.
他凭听觉记忆把无线电广播中听到过的一首歌曲弹奏出来。 3、The author of the article picks out a few pat tag lines.
文章的作者挑出几条他所钟爱的广告语。 Cut off ex. 切断；断绝
a limit or level at which you stop doing something 1、He cut off the branches from the trunk.
他把树干上的小分枝都剪掉。
2、The shark's dorsal fin was cut off by the fisherman.
鲨鱼的背鳍被渔夫割了下来。
3、Please help me to cut off the rinds of lemons.
请帮我去掉柠檬的皮。 Chew vt. &vi. 嚼碎；咀嚼
to bite food into small pieces in your mouth with your teeth to make it easier to swallow 1、Babies like to chew something when they're teething.
幼儿长牙时爱咬东西。
2、Many people like to chew mint gum in the summer.
许多人喜欢在夏天嚼薄荷口香糖。 3、Saliva helps one chew and digest food.
唾液能帮助咀嚼和消化食物。 Convince vt. 使信服
make sb. feel certain; cause sb. to realize 1、We utterly failed to convince them.
我们根本说服不了他们。
2、I try to convince him of the reality of the danger.
我试图使他相信危险的确存在。
3、Your argument is too weak to convince me.
你的论点太薄弱了，说服不了我。 Convincing adj. 令人信服的
that makes sb. believe that sth. is true 1、His arguments sound convincing but they're based on delusion.
他的论据听起来似乎有理，但根本上是欺骗性的。
2、The data we have collected is not enough to be convincing.
我们所收集的资料还不足以令人信服。
3、No one have come up with a convincing explanation of why dinosaur die out.
尚未有人能对恐龙的灭绝作出一个令人信服的解释。 Direct vt. &vt. 导演；指示；指挥 adj. 直的；直接的；直率的
happening or done without involving other people, actions, etc. in between 1、The general manager directed the company through a difficult time.
总经理带领公司渡过了难关。
2、For larger wounds , or in case bleeding does not stop quickly , use direct pressure.
对大的、或是不能很快止血的伤口来说，要采用直接按压法。 3、He avoided giving a direct answer.
他回避作出直截了当的回答。 Star in ex. 担任主角；主演
Play a main role in a movie or TV show 1、The Wrap, who broke the story , could not confirm the number of episodes that Clemence will star in or which character she plays.
而爆出这一消息的媒体并未确定克蕾曼丝·波西将客串几集以及她所出演的角色，让我们拭目以待吧。 2、Do you know who starred in Titanic?
你知道在泰坦尼克这部电影中谁担任主演吗？
3、In my childhood, I liked the TV show named HuanZhuGeGe and the roles starred in.
在我小时候，我喜欢还珠格格这部剧和里面的主演。 Outstanding adj. 突出的；杰出的；显着的
If you describe someone or something as outstanding, you think that they are very remarkable and impressive 1、Teachers who make outstanding contributions in pedagogy should be commended and rewarded. 对于在教学工作中做出突出贡献的教师，应该给以表扬和奖励。
2、It is the custom of this academy to make an annual award for outstanding researchers in chemistry.
每年向杰出的化学研究人员发奖是这个学会的惯例。
3、think her story must be so moving and she must be an outstanding figure of history.
我想她的故事一定很动人，她也一定是个历史上的杰出人物。 Switzerland n. 瑞士
a country in western Europe with many mountains and lakes, surrounded by France, Germany, Austria, and Italy. Population: 7,283,000 (2001). Capital: Bern 1、Switzerland swept the board in the skiing competition.
瑞士在滑雪比赛中囊括了所有的奖项。 2、How many countries border Switzerland?
有多少国家与瑞士接壤?
3、Germany is bounded on the west by France and on the south by Switzerland.
德国西面与法国接壤，南与瑞士为邻。 Gesture n. 姿态；手势 vi. 做手势
expressive movement of a part of the body, esp. the hand or head 1、He put his arm round her in a protective gesture.
他用一只手臂围住她做出保护的姿势。
2、He gestured to the guards and they withdrew.
他给护卫做了个手势，护卫们释义后退。 3、He dismissed people with a lordly gesture.
他傲慢地让大家离去。
Particular adj. 特殊的；特别的 n. 细节；细目
used to emphasize that you are referring to one individual person, thing or type of thing and not others 1、He gave full particulars of the stolen property.
他详细列出全部被盗的财物。
2、This work should be done correctly in all particulars.
这项工作每一点都必须做到正确无误。
3、She took particular care not to overcook the meat.
她特别小心不把肉烹调过火。 Particularly adv. 特殊地；特别地
more than usual or more than others 1、The instrumentation is particularly fine.
我们根本说服不了他们。
2、The house itself is not particularly to my mind, but I like its environment.
这房子本身并不特别合我的心意，但我喜欢它周围的环境。 3、His behavior is not particularly adult.
他的举止行为还不太成熟。 Occasion n. 时刻；场合
a state of affairs that provides a ground or reason 1、I've met her on several occasions recently.
我最近见到过她好几次。
2、You should go there if occasion arises.
如果有机会，你应当到那里去。 3、There was no occasion to be so rude.
没有理由这样粗鲁。 Budget n. 预算
the money that is available to a person or an organization and a plan of how it will be spent over a period of time 1、Next year's budget will have to be drastically pruned.
下一年度的预算将大幅度削减。
2、Congress has approved the new educational budget.
国会通过了新的教育预算。
3、We have to work within the parameters of time and budget.
我们工作受时间和财力所限。 Actress n. 女演员
a woman who performs on the stage, on television or in films/movies, especially as a profession 1、Her success as an actress was now assured.
她当演员很成功，已毋庸置疑了。
2、The young actress made her debut in the new comedy.
这位年轻的女演员在新上演的喜剧里首次登台演出。
3、She wanted to be an actress, but her father soon nipped that idea in the bud.
你的论点太薄弱了，说服不了我。
Slide vt.&vi （使）滑动；（使）滑行 n. 滑动；幻灯片
to move easily over a smooth or wet surface; to make sth. move in this way 1、House values may begin to slide.
房价可能开始逐渐下降了。
2、The children were taking turns on the slides in the playground.
孩子们在操场上轮流滑滑梯。 3、The thief slid into the room.
小偷溜进房间。
Amuse vt. 使发笑；使愉快
to make sb. laugh or smile 1、Everyone was amused at/by the story about the dog.
大家听了关于那只狗的故事都笑起来了。
2、The boys amuse themselves by drawing caricatures of their teacher.
男孩子们以画老师的漫画取乐。
3、These toys will help to keep the baby amused.
这些玩具能让这个婴儿一直很快乐。 Pancake n. 烙饼；薄饼
thin cake of batter fried on both sides and (usu.) eaten hot, sometimes rolled up with a filling 1、He turned the pancake over with a strong flick of his wrist.
他一抖腕子就把饼翻过来了。
2、The whole landscape looked as flat as a pancake.
整个地形十分平坦。
3、A flat, rounded mass of dough or batter, such as a pancake that is baked or fried.
薄饼一块平的、圆形的面团或面糊，如烘烤或煎制而成的薄煎饼。 Explanation n. 解释；讲解；说明
~ (for sth. / for doing sth.) a statement, fact, or situation that tells you why sth happened; a reason given for sth. 1、There could be some psychological explanation for his bad health.
他的健康不佳可能有心理上的原因。
2、I grant that your explanation is reasonable.
我承认你的解释是合理的。
3、What did he say in explanation of his stupid behavior?
他说了什么来解释他那愚蠢的行为？ Detective n. 侦探
person, esp. a police officer, whose job it is to investigate and solve crimes 1、Sherlock Holmes has nothing on you-- you're a real detective.
福尔摩斯也没有你本事大--你是真的侦探。
2、The detective posed as a mourner at the victim's funeral.
那侦探佯装成吊唁者参加了受害人的葬礼。
3、The detective tried to reason out how the thief had escaped.
这个侦探反复琢磨想弄明白那个窃贼是怎样逃跑的。 Mountainous adj. 多山的；山一般的
having many mountains & very large in size or amount; like a mountain 1、He lives in a mountainous district.
他住在山区。
2、The mountainous island loomed on the horizon.
那座巨大的岛屿隐隐约约浮现在地平线上。 3、Our country is very mountainous.
我国是一个多山的国家。
Whisper vt.&vi 低语；小声说 n. 耳语；低语
speak softly, using the breath but without vibrating the vocal cords & whispering sound, speech or remark 1、She said it in a whisper, so I didn't hear. 她是悄声说的，所以我没有听见。 2、The wind was whispering in the roof. 屋顶上风声飒飒。
3、The children were whispering in the corner.
孩子们正在角落里低声耳语。 Vast adj. 巨大的；辽阔的
very large in area, size, quantity or degree; immense 1、A vast crowd turned out to watch the match.
大群的观众到场观看比赛。
2、The vast champaign was covered with thick snow.
广袤的平原被厚厚的雪覆盖着。
3、There is always a vast chasm between rich and poor.
贫富的鸿沟始终存在。 Mess n. 脏或乱的状态
a dirty or untidy state 1、Don't mess up my hair: I've just combed it.
别把我的头发弄乱，我刚梳好。
2、I was asked to organize the trip, but I messed it up.
大家要我组织这次旅游，可是我把事情搞糟了。 3、I love just messing about in the garden.
我就是喜欢在花园里瞎转。 Porridge n. 粥
soft food made by boiling a cereal (esp. crushed oats) in water or milk 1、The child has eaten three platefuls of porridge.
这孩子已经喝了三盘粥了！
2、Is/Are porridge oats on the breakfast menu?
早餐的食谱上有燕麦粥吗? 3、Porridge is good for digestion.
粥有益于消化。 Drunk adj. 醉的
excited or confused by alcoholic drink 1、He was obviously drunk.
他显然是醉了。
2、He'd drunk so much that he found it hard to remain perpendicular.
他喝酒太多，简直站都站不直了。
3、He must have drunk too much; when he tried to stand up, he keeled over.
他肯定是喝多了，当他要站起来时，却摔倒在地上。
Unit4
Statement n. 陈述；说明
a written or spoken announcement on an important subject that someone makes in public: 1、The purport of the statement is that the firm is bankrupt. ?
该项声明大意是说该商行已经破产。 2、This statement is converse to that one.
这个声明和那个相反。
3、She refused to make a statement to the police in case she incriminated herself. ?
她拒绝向警方作陈述以免受连累。 Greet vi.&vt. 迎接；问候
to behave in a polite or friendly way toward someone when you meet them 1、I greet you in the name of the President.
我代表总统前来迎接您。
2、He made his way through the crowd to greet us. ?
他穿过人群向我们打招呼。 3、He greeted her with a loving hug.
他以一个深情的拥抱来迎接她。 Represent vt. 代表；象征
to speak or act officially for another person, group, or organization 1、The rose represents England. ?
玫瑰花是英格兰的象徵。
2、The king is represented as a villain in the play. ?
在这出剧中把国王刻画成一个反面人物。
3、Fonteyn represents the best traditions of ballet. ?
芳廷承袭了芭蕾舞艺术的最优秀的传统 Association n. 社团；联系；联想
a group of people who have joined together because they have similar interests or goals 1、He is a member of the Association of University Teachers.
他是大学教师联合会的一名成员。
2、There has always been a close association between these two schools.
这两所学校一向有密切的联系。
3、She was then asked to lead the women's association.
于是让她当妇联主任。 Dormitory n. 宿舍
a large room where a lot of people sleep, for example in a school or army camp 1、He soon gets accustom to dormitory life and make two or three friend. ?
他不久就逐渐习惯了宿舍的生活并交了两三个朋友。
2、Every girl must sign in when she comes back to the dormitory. ?
每个女生回到宿舍的时候都必须签到。 3、He hangs out in the school dormitory. ?
他留在学校的宿舍里。 Canteen n. 食堂
A canteen is a place in a factory, shop, or college where meals are served to the people who work or
study there.
1、We have a canteen here, where you can have lunch.
我们这里有食堂，你可以再这吃午餐。
2、The students often have meals at this canteen.
学生经常到这个食堂吃饭。
3、We’ll have lunch at a canteen not far away from the office.
我们会去一家离办公室不远的小餐厅吃午饭。 Flight n. 飞行；航班
A flight is a journey made by flying, usually in an aeroplane 1、I’ll book you on a direct flight to London.
我将为你预订直飞伦敦的航班。
2、This flight is routed to Chicago via New York.
这班机时经纽约飞往芝加哥的。 Curious adj. 好奇的
If you are curious about something, you are interested in it and want to know more about it. 1、The reporter is curious to know whether the official is involved in the case. ?
那个记者很想知道此案是否牵连那位官员。
2、The cat felt curious when she saw her own reflection in the mirror. ?
小猫看到自己在镜子中的倒影，感到很好奇。 3、I caught a curious sound in the neighboring room. ?
我听到隔壁房间里有奇怪的响声。 Approach vt.&vi. 接近；靠近；走进
to move closer to someone or something 1、The time is approaching when we must think about buying a new house.
我们要想一想买新房子的事了，时机即将来临。 2、Silently we approached the enemy’s camp.
我们静悄悄地逼近敌人的营地。
3、Such people as are friendly are easy to approach.
亲切之人容易接近。 Defend vt. 保护；保卫
to protect someone or something from attack 1、All the villagers took the boats to defend their island against the attackers arriving by see.
全体村民上了船，抵抗海上的来犯者，保卫他们的海盗。 2、We shall defend our city, whatever the cost may be.
不管代价如何，我们要扞卫我们的城市。 3、She demonstrated hoe best to defend oneself.
她示范最有效的自卫方法。 major adj. 主要的
important, serious, large, or great 1、Some slight incident may touch off a major war.
某个小事件可能会引发大战争。
2、The police are launching a major attack on drug dealers.
警方对毒品贩子发动了大规模的攻击。 3、We have encountered major problems.
我们已遇到重大的问题。 misunderstand vt. 误解；误会
to not understand someone or something correctly 1、His remarks show that he misunderstand my position on the question. ?
他的话说明他误解了我在这一问题上的立场。
2、He wrote her a letter for fear she misunderstand him.
他给她写了封信，免得她误会。
3、They pretend to misunderstand my complaint.
他们假装误解了我的投诉。 Dash vi. 猛冲；突进
If you dash somewhere, you run or go there quickly and suddenly. 1、She dashed off a letter to her mother. ?
她给母亲匆匆写了一封信。
2、He dashed across the street and ran towards me. ?
他冲过马路，向我跑过来。
3、In my fury, I dashed all the dishes to the floor.
气愤之下，我把所有的杯盘都摔到地上去了。 Spoken adj. 口语的
spoken language is things that people say, not things that they write 1、You learn a language better if you visit the country where it's spoken. ?
若到说某种语言的国家去，就能把该种语言学得好些。 2、You should have spoken up in the meeting. ?
会谈时你实在应该发言(然而你却没有)。 3、She has spoken Chinese all her life. ?
她讲了一辈子中文。 Likely adj. 可能的
probably going to happen, or probably true 1、I've heard whispers that the firm is likely to go bankrupt. ?
我听到传闻说公司很可能要破产。 2、I’m likely to be very busy tomorrow.
明天我可能很忙。
3、It’s very likely to clear up by and by.
很可能不久要放晴了。
Function n./vi 作用；功能；职能 / 起作用 运转
special activity or purpose of a person or thing/ work; operate 3、What functions can this program perform? 这一程序有哪些功能?
2、Some English adverbs function as adjectives.
英语中有些副词可作形容词用。
3、The machine won't function properly if you don't oil it well.
如果你不给机器好好加油的话，它就不会正常运转。 Ease n.&vt 安逸，舒适/ 减轻（痛苦、忧虑）
relieve (the body or mind) from pain, anxiety, discomfort, etc 1、I should ease up on the cigarettes if I were you.
我要是你，我就再少抽些烟了。 2、I never feel at ease in his company.
我跟他在一起总是感到很不自在.
3、He eased himself along the ledge to reach the terrified boy.
他小心翼翼地沿着突出的檐向那惊惶失措的男孩靠近。 False adj. 错误的；假的
wrong; not correct or true 1、One false move and you're a dead man, ' snarled the robber.
那强盗厉声叫道: ｀不许动，不然就打死你.＇
2、After several false starts, she became a successful journalist.
她开始时遇到几次挫折,后来成为能干的记者 3、The impostor traveled on a false passport.
那个伪装者用一本假护照旅行。 Anger n. 怒气；怒火
strong feeling of displeasure and hostility 1、It was said in a moment of anger.
那是一时的气话.
2、He was inflamed with anger.
他满腔怒火。
3、I couldn't restrain my anger.
我无法抑制我的愤怒。 Yawn vi. 打呵欠
to open your mouth wide and take a big breath, usually because you are tired or bored 1、His long boring story made me yawn.
他的冗长的故事听得我直打呵欠。
2、I gave a loud yawn, but he just kept on talking.
我大声打了个呵欠，可他还是不停地讲下去。 Subjective adj. 主观的
based on your own feelings and ideas and not on facts. 1、Don't judge her work too subjectively.
评论她的作品不要过於主观.
2、A literary critic should not be too subjective in his approach.
文学评论家的看法不应太主观.
3、Our perception of things is often influenced by subjective factors, such as tiredness.
我们对事物的感知能力常受到主观因素（如疲劳）的影响. Hug vi.&vt. 拥抱
to put your arms around someone to show your love or friendship 1、Whenever I travel in the city I make sure I hug my handbag tightly to me.
每当我在城市旅行时，我都要确保我是紧紧的抱住我的手提包。 2、He hurries down the gangplank to hug his waiting wife.
他匆匆忙忙走下跳板,张开双臂去拥抱等候着他的妻子。 Rank n. 等级
a position in an organization, such as the army, showing the importance of the person having it: 1、It has been authorized by another legal norm of a high rank.
它已经得到另一条最高层次的法律规范的认可。 2、She wanted rank, and he wanted money.
她需要显赫的身份，他需要金钱。
3、The matk on his shoulder designated the rank of an army officer.
他肩上的符号标出军官的军衔。 Cassette n. 磁带
small sealed case containing a reel of film or magnetic tape 1、I rewound the cassette and played her voice back to her.
我把录音带转回去，把她的声音放给她听。
2、There is a little window in the cassette case so that you can see the tape.
盒式音像带上有个小窗，能看见里面的磁带。 3、Cassette tape recorders are out of date now.
现在，盒式磁带录音机过时了。
Unit5
Theme n. 题目；主题（曲）
the subject of a talk, piece of writing, exhibition, etc.; a topic 1、A slow theme introduces the first movement.
第一乐章以缓慢的主旋律开始。
2、Peace was the dominant theme of the conference.
和平是大会的首要议题。
3、The main theme of the book is obscured by frequent digressions.
该书文字枝蔓，主题不明。 Central adj. 中心的；中央的 at the point or in the area that is in the middle of something 1、What's the central thought of this article?
这篇文章的中心思想是什么？
2、The coastal areas have mild winters, but by contrast the central plains become extremely cold.
沿海地区的冬天天气暖和，可是相比之下中部平原却异常寒冷。 3、It is reported that this disease attacks the central nervous system. ?
据报道说这种疾病破坏中枢神经系统。 Various adj. 不同的；各种各样的
different from one another; of different kinds or sorts
1、Bricks and dishes are made from various kinds of clay.
砖和盘子由各种粘土制成。
2、Various discords have arisen over this question. ?
人们在这个问题上发生了不少争执。 3、This city is noted for its various bridges. ?
这个城市因为各种桥梁而着称。 Cartoon n. 漫画；动画片
an amusing drawing in a newspaper or magazine, especially one about politics or events in the news 1、A newspaper cartoon is an amusing drawing, usually about some event in the news. ?
报纸上的漫画是一种风趣的图画，通常是针对某一件时事的。 2、The kids glued their eyes to the TV set, watching a cartoon. ?
孩子们目不转睛地盯着电视机看卡通片。
3、The man looks like a cartoon character with a plaster on his temple.
那人太阳穴上贴了一块膏药，看上去像个卡通人物。
Be famous for 以……而闻名
be known as; be well-known for 1、The president was famous for twisting the arms of members of Congress to persuade them to vote favorably on his proposal. ?
这位总统以善于向议会成员施加压力并说服他们对他的提案投票赞成而闻名。 2、The town miller was famous for his excellent flour. ?
镇上的面粉场主以优质面粉着称。
3、Spain used to be famous for its strong armada. ?
西班牙曾以其强大的舰队而着称。 Whichever pron. 无论哪一个；任何一个
used to say what feature or quality is important in deciding something 1、She'll buy whichever is cheapest. ?
什么最便宜她就买什么。
2、I have three cars, and you may have whichever you like. ?
我有三辆车，你可以挑一辆你喜欢的。 3、Take whichever hat suits you best. ?
找个最适合你戴的帽子。 Fantasy n. 幻想；怪念头
a pleasant situation that you imagine but that is unlikely to happen 1、The young always live in a world of fantasy. ?
年轻人总是生活在幻想中。
2、He is unable to divorce fantasy from reality.
他不能将幻想与现实分开。 3、He tried to shut out the fantasy.
他极力要把胡思乱想驱遣开。 Amusement n. 消遣；娱乐（活动）
the feeling that you have when something is funny or amusing, or it entertains you
1、She watched their fumbling efforts with wry amusement. ?
她看着他们手忙脚乱地瞎使劲，不觉莞尔。
2、The hotel offers its guests a wide variety of amusements.
这个旅馆为住客提供了各种各样的娱乐活动。 3、I find amusement in collecting stamps.
我发现了集邮的乐趣。
Swing n. 秋千；摇摆 vt. & vi. (swung, swung) 摇摆；摆动
to move backwards or forwards or from side to side while hanging from a fixed point 1、He swung round to confront his accusers. ?
他突然转过身来面对着那些指控他的人。 2、The lamp swung in the breeze. 灯在微风中摇荡。
3、He swings his arms as he walks. 他走路时摆动手臂。
a swinging movement or rhythm 1、The swing of the ship made many people seasick. 船的摇摆使许多人晕船。
2、The children are playing on the swings in the park. 孩子们正在公园里荡秋千。 3、He took a wild swing at the ball.
他对准球猛地挥拍一击。
Attraction n. 有吸引力的事物；吸引
a feeling of liking somebody, especially sexually 1、She felt a strong attraction to him. ?
她感到他对她有强烈的吸引力。
2、The attraction of the moon for the earth causes the tides.
月球对地球的吸引力造成潮汐。
3、Although it is simple to be serious, he actually is a man having attraction most.
尽管严肃朴实,他其实是个最有吸引力的人。 No wonder 难怪；不足为奇
not surprising 1、It is no wonder (that) he'll sign the contract tomorrow. ?
他明天签约是不足为怪的。
2、No wonder people say that computers are taking over the world. ?
难怪有人说电子计算机正渐渐接管世界。
3、No wonder the firm makes a loss; the office is terribly overstaffed.
难怪公司亏损，办公室严重超编。 Tourism n. 旅游业
the business activity connected with providing accommodation, services and entertainment for people who are visiting a place for pleasure 1、The island has been ruined by tourism. ?
该岛毁在旅游业上了。
2、Tourism is at its peak in August.
?旅游业在八月份达到高峰。
3、Tourism and mining are important to its economy.
旅游和采矿为其重要经济来源。
Wherever pron. 无论在什么地方；各处
in any place 1、Remember you are a Chinese wherever you go. ?
不论你到哪里,记住你是中国人。 2、We'll go wherever you like.
你爱去哪儿我们就去哪儿。
3、Wherever it is possible, he tries to help. ?
只要有可能，他总是设法帮忙。 Unique adj. 独一无二的；仅有的
being the only one of its kind 1、It is a unique life-style, a unique and distinctive place to live.
这是一种非同凡响的生活方式,是一个超群出俗的居住之处。 2、The elephant's trunk is a unique form of appendage.
象的鼻子是一种独特的附肢。
3、The episode could reasonably serve as a unique epic of royal espionage! ?
这一事件理所当然地堪称是国王间谍活动的独一无二的史诗。 Carpenter n. 木匠
a person whose job is making and repairing wooden objects and structures 1、The carpenter has made this cupboard beautifully he's a real artist.
那个木匠做的这个柜子很漂亮--他真是个能工巧匠。
2、The carpenter ran his ruler over the shed and sized it up at once. ?
木匠量了一下棚屋的尺寸，立刻估计出它的大小。 3、The boy was apprenticed to a carpenter.
这个男孩被送去学木匠。 Engine n. 引擎；发动机
the part of a vehicle that produces power to make the vehicle move 1、What's the cubic capacity of this engine? ?
这台发动机的立体容积是多少？
2、There was a puff of steam from the engine before it stopped. ?
机车喷出一股蒸汽后就停了下来。
3、Those are the components of an engine. ?
那些是发动机的部件。
Preserve vt. 保存；保留 n. 保护区
to keep a particular quality, feature, etc; to make sure that something is kept 1、In the summer, large crops of fruit may be preserved by freezing or bottling.
夏天收获的大量水果可冷藏或装瓶装罐加以保存。 2、Salt and spices help to preserve meat. ?
盐和调味品有助于保藏肉类。
3、I tried to preserve my independence. ?
我试图保持自己的独立性。
an area of private land or water where animals and fish are kept for people to hunt 1、No hunting is allowed in the preserve. 保护区禁止打猎。
2、The poacher was arrested for trapping in the game preserve.
偷猎者因在禁猎区从事诱捕而被抓获。 Length n. 长度；长
the size or measurement of something from one end to the other 1、You spend a ridiculous length of time in the bath. ?
你洗澡用那么长时间，真不像话。
2、There are no lengths to which an addict will not go to obtain his drug. ?
瘾君子为了得到毒品什么事都做得出来。
3、They went to absurd lengths to keep the affair secret. ?
他们为了保密无所不用其极。 Deed n. 行动；事迹
a thing that somebody does that is usually very good or very bad 1、We should be true in word and resolute in deed. ?
我们应该言必信，行必果。 2、Her deed is contemptible.
她的行为是可轻视的。
3、Deeds are fruits, words are but leaves. 言语是绿叶,行为结硕果。
Be modeled after 根据……模仿；仿造
make a reproduction or copy of 1、The new church is modeled after 's in Rome.
这新教学是仿照罗马圣彼德教学建造的。
2、His painting style was modeled after that of Picasso.
他的绘画风格是仿效毕加索的。
3、The two buildings are modeled after the same pattern. 这两座建筑是按照同一模式建造的。 Sword n. 剑
a weapon with a long metal blade and a handle 1、He drove at her with his sword.
他用剑猛攻击她。
2、He is slashing wildly at his opponent with a sword.
他正用剑疯狂地朝对手乱砍。 3、The officer belted his sword on. ?
军官用皮带扣住佩刀。 Tournament n. 锦标赛；联赛
a sports competition involving a number of teams or players who take part in different games and must leave the competition if they lose. 1、She went out in the first round of the tournament/went out of the tournament in the first round. ?
她在比赛的第一轮比赛中遭淘汰。
2、The tournament is open to amateurs as well as professionals. ?
这次比赛不仅职业运动员可以参加，而且业余运动员也可以参加。 3、Have you been following the basketball tournament?
你一直都在看篮球锦标赛吗? Settler n. 移民；殖民者
a person who goes to live in a new country or region 1、Old accounts say the ancient gods themselves guided ice lands first settler to make his Home in Reykjavik.
据说古代众神曾亲自引导冰岛的第一个定居者，在雷克雅未克安家。 2、One of his forefathers was an early settler in America. ?
他的祖先之一是美洲的早期移民。
3、It is said that the first settlers of this country are prisoners. ?
据说第一批到达这个国家的移民是囚犯。 Athletic adj. 运动的
physically strong, fit and active 1、The boy got in to the athletic school after a special test. ?
男孩经过一次专门测验后进了体育学校。 2、Athletic sports are good to the health. ?
体育运动有益健康。
3、Her wiry athletic body seems energetic. ?
她瘦长结实的身体看上去精力充沛。 Translator n. 译员；翻译
a person who translates writing or speech into a different language, especially as a job 1、His love of language inclined him towards a career as a translator.
他对语言的热爱促使他从事翻译工作。
2、This text presents many pitfalls for the translator. ?
这篇文字有很多潜在的难点，译者稍不慎就要出错。
3、His love of languages inclined him towards a career as a translator. ?
他对语言的热爱促使他从事翻译工作。 Minority n. 少数；少数民族
the smaller part of a group; less than half of the people or things in a large group 1、The question of which state the minority group should belong to was decided by (a) plebiscite. ?
该少数民族应归属哪一州的问题已由公民投票表决。
2、Since the two main parties each won the same number of seats, the minority party holds the balance of power. ?
由於两个主要政党都赢得了相同数量的席位，因此作为少数派的政党居于举足轻重的地位。 3、The nationality of the minority groups in that country is still at issue. ?
在那个国家的少数民族的国籍问题上仍有争论。 Cloth n. 布
material made by weaving or knitting cotton, wool, silk, etc 1、Textile workers favored protection because they feared an influx of cheap cloth. ?
纺织工人拥护贸易保护措施，因为他们担心涌入廉价纺织品。 2、This piece of cloth was eaten by a moth. ?
这块布被蠹虫蛀坏了。
3、Hemp can be used for cloth and ropes.
大麻可用来做衣服和绳子。 Jungle n. 丛林
an area of tropical forest where trees and plants grow very thickly 1、The expedition through the jungle was fraught with difficulties and danger. ?
穿越森林的探险充满了艰辛和危险。
2、Their daily trips through the jungle have made a path in the thick undergrowth.
他们每天往返穿过丛林，已在茂密的矮丛中踩出了一条小路。
3、The scientist discovered the plant in the most inaccessible reaches of the jungle. ?
这位科学家在丛林深处最难进入的区域发现了这种植物。 Creature n. 生物；动物
a living thing, real or imaginary, that can move around, such as an animal 1、Man is the only creature that is gifted with speech. ?
人类是唯一被赋予语言能力的动物。
2、This creature lives in the depth of the ocean. ?
这种生物生活在海洋深处。 3、Man is a civil creature. ?
人是社会动物。 Sunlight n. 阳光
the light from the sun 1、We can see the dust particles floating in the sunlight clearly. ?
我们可以很清楚地看到阳光下的灰尘颗粒。
2、The ground under the trees is chequered with sunlight and shade.
林中地上光影交错。
3、Chlorophyll is a green substance in plants that absorbs energy from sunlight and helps them grow. ?
叶绿素是生长在植物中的绿色物质，它能吸收阳光，促进植物生长。 Advance vt. & vi. 前进；促进；提前
to move forward towards somebody/ something, often in order to attack or threaten them or it 1、The date of the meeting has been advanced from Friday to Monday. ?
会议日期已经从星期五提前到星期一。
2、The president has done his utmost to advance the national interest. 总统已尽了最大努力来增进国家的利益。
3、The date of the meeting was advanced by four days. 会议提前四天召开。 In advance 提前
situated ahead or going before; ahead of time 1、Before visiting him, I called him up in advance. ?
在拜访他之前，我先打电话给他。
2、To make sure that he was at home, I called him up in advance. ?
为了确定他在家，我事先打电话给他。 3、Suppose I reserve seats in advance. ?
我先去定好座位吧。
Advanced adj.高级的；先进的
having the most modern and recently developed ideas, methods, etc 1、The ancient Egyptians had advanced civilization. ?
古埃及人曾经拥有高度文明。
2、The idea that the world is eternal is now seldom advanced. ?
地球是永恒的这种看法现在很少提出了。 3、My younger sister studied advanced math. 我妹妹学过高等数学。 Brand n. 商标；牌子
a type of product made by a particular company 1、How well do you think this washing powder stacks up against your usual brand?
这种洗衣粉跟你常用的那种比怎么样?
2、She's gone over to a milder brand of cigarettes. ?
她已改吸另一牌子味道较淡的香烟。 3、This brand of tea is my favorite. 这种茶我最爱喝。 Get close to 接近
be next to; be near 1、Don't get close to me; I'm about to get seasick.
不要靠近我,我要晕船了。
2、Don’t get close to the burning building, or you’ll get hurt.
不要靠近起火的大楼,否则你会受伤的。
3、He wanted to meet someone nice and get married, but he just couldn't seem to get close to anyone. 他想找一个称心的姑娘结婚,却无法靠近任何人, Come to life 活跃起来
, 1、You're very cool with your brother, but with your friends you really come to life. ?
你对你弟弟冷冰冰的，但跟朋友在一起倒很活跃。
2、He was down at the mouth all evening, but as soon as his girl friend came in he came to life.
他一晚上都垂头丧气，但他的女朋友一来，他就活跃起来了。 3、In a few minutes Tom suddenly came to life. ?
一小会儿汤姆突然苏醒过来。 Outing n. 外出；短途旅行；远足
a trip that you go on for pleasure or education, usually with a group of people and lasting no more than one day 1、It’s a pity the weather isn't better for our outing today. ?
我们今天出去游玩天气不见好，真遗憾。 2、These schoolboys decided to go outing. ?
这些男学生决定去野游。
3、I'll go on an outing with some friends this weekend.
我这周末要与朋友去郊游。
Admission n. 允许进入；入场费；承认
the act of accepting somebody into an institution, organization, etc; the right to enter a place or to join an institution or organization 1、How does one gain admission to the Buckingham Palace? ?
怎样才能获准进入白金汉宫?
2、Admission (to the club) is restricted to members only.
只准会员进入(俱乐部).
3、Admission to British universities depends on examination results. 英国大学入学以考试成绩为凭。 Shuttle n. 往返汽车；航天飞机
a plane, bus or train that travels regularly between two places 1、The U.S. made the first space shuttle in the world. ?
美国制造了世界上第一架航天飞机。
2、There is a shuttle service between the city center and the air station. ?
在市中心和飞机场之间有往返的穿梭运行班车。 3、He caught the nine-o'clock shuttle to New York.
他赶上九点钟飞往纽约的班机。 Freeway n. 高速公路
a wide road, where traffic can travel fast for long distances 1、Drive the freeways to work. ?
开车走高速公路上班
2、Heavy traffic clogged the freeways. ?
拥挤的交通堵塞了高速公路
3、His new car certainly did ball the jack on the freeway. ?
他的新车在快车道上确实开得快极了。
Souvenir n. 纪念品
a thing that you buy and/ or keep to remind yourself of a place, an occasion or a holiday/ vacation 1、Maybe I shall get some souvenir for the folks back at the office. ?
也许我该带些纪念品回去给公司同事。
2、Please accept this as a souvenir for our friendship. ?
请接受这个作为我们友谊的纪念品。
3、I bought this bag as a souvenir of my visit to London. ?
我买了这个袋子作为访问伦敦的纪念品。 Sneaker n. 运动鞋
a shoe that you wear for sports or as informal clothing 1、He wore old jeans and a pair of sneakers.
他穿着旧牛仔衣和一双运动鞋。
2、I'm an absolute sneaker head. 我是个彻底的运动鞋迷。
3、Sneakers are casual shoes with rubber soles.
运动鞋是临时橡胶底的鞋子。
Brochure n. （作宣传或介绍用的）小册子；指南
a small magazine or book containing pictures and information about something or advertising something 1、I might call for a brochure.
我可能会打电话要一份宣传小册子。
2、As requested, we are enclosing our company brochure.
按贵方要求,兹附上我公司宣传手册。
3、We send off for a brochure about holidays in Greece or about ferry service.
我们写信索取了一本关于去希腊度假或关于渡船服务的宣传手册。
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