I .YES，Please refer to the 1st paragraph of the text.
II. 流动性过剩 自给自足 经济资源 直接投资 国际收支 易货交易 出口退税 倾销
出口型经济增长 东道国 贸易差额
贸易顺差／贸易逆差 欧盟
国际收支顺差／国际收支逆差 有形贸易 无形贸易 货物贸易 服务贸易
excess liquidity self-sufficient
economic resources direct investment balance of payments barter
export tax rebate dumping
export-driven economic growth host country balance of trade
favorable/unfavorable balance of trade European Union
favorable/unfavorable balance of payments visible trade invisible trade trade in goods trade in services
III
The chart above shows the U.S. imports from China, U.S. exports to China and the trade balance. The U.S. has a negative trade balance with China, and it has been growing. During the period from 1997 to 2003, imports from China have grown 244% while exports to China have grown 221%, indicating that the trade deficit is increasing. There had already been a sizeable trade balance deficit with China in 1996, totaling $ 39.5 billion at the end of the year. IV
1. Export goods are tangible goods sent out of countries.
2. Trade in services are international earnings other than those derived from the exporting and importing of tangible goods.
3. Import goods are tangible goods brought in.
4. International trade is all business transactions that involve two or more countries. 5. FDI is one that gives the investor a controlling interest in a foreign company.
6. Investment is used primarily as financial means for a company to earn more money on its money with relative safety. V
1. International trade is the fair and deliberate exchange of goods and/or services across national boundaries. It concerns trade operations of both import and export and includes the purchase and sale of both visible and invisible goods.
2. In today's complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient. Nations participate in the international trade for many reasons. As to the economic reasons, no nation has all of the economic resources (land, labor and capital) that it needs to develop its economy and culture, and no country enjoys a particular item sufficient enough to meet its needs. As for the preference reasons, international trade takes place because of innovation of style. Besides, every nation can specialize in a certain field and enjoy a comparative advantage in some particular area in terms of trade so that they need to do business with each other to make use of resources more efficiently and effectively.
3. In measuring the effectiveness of global trade, nations carefully follow two key indicators, namely, balance of trade and balance of payments.
4. FDI, the abbreviation form Foreign Direct Investment, means buying of permanent property and business in foreign nations. It occurs when acquisition of equity interest in a foreign company is trade. The great significance of FDI for China might be that: FDI solve the problem of capital shortage for China so that China may spend the money on importing advanced equipment and technologies for its infrastructure, national supporting industry, key projects, etc.
Chapter 2 I
关税壁垒 非关税壁垒 从量税 配额
保护性关税 市场失灵 幼稚产业 许可证制度 财政关税 政府采购 贸易保护主义 从价
税 最低限价 本地采购规则 增加内需
Domestic content Red-tape barriers Export subsidies Binding quota Absolute quotas VER
Tariff-rate quotas Zero quota
\"Buy local\" rules Tariff barriers non-tariff barriers specific duties quota
protective tariff market failure infant industry licensing system Revenue tariff
government procurement trade protectionism Ad Valorem Duties floor price
\"buy local\" rules
raise domestic demand 国内含量 进口环节壁垒 出口补贴 绑定配额 绝对配额 自愿出口限制 关税配额 零配额
本地采购原则
II
1. Protectionism means the deliberate use or encouragement of restrictions on imports to enable relatively inefficient domestic producers to compete successfully with foreign producers. 保护主义是指蓄意使用或鼓励进口限制，以此使本国相对效率低的产品能成功地和外国产品竞争。.
2. If the Russians release their stocks of fin into the world market, the price of the metal will sink through the floor.
一旦俄罗斯人将其持有的锡矿股票投放于国际市场之中，那么该市场中金属的价格会跌破最低限价。
3. Protective tariff means a duty or tax imposed on imported products for the purpose of making them more expensive in comparison to domestic producers, thereby giving the domestic products a price advantage.
保护性关税表示对进口产品征收的关税，旨在让它们相比起本国商品更贵，从向使得本国商品具有价格优势。
4. Types of tariffs include ad valorem, specific, variable, or compound. In the United States, the imposition of tariffs is made on imported goods only. Tariffs raise the prices of imported goods, thus making them less competitive within the market of the importing country. After seven \"Rounds” of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade trade negotiations that focused heavily on tariff reductions, tariffs are less important measures of protection than they used to be.
关税的种类包括从价税，从量税，可变税与复合税。在美国，只对进口商品征税。关税抬高了进口货物的价格，从而使得它们在进口国商品市场竞争优势下降。继关税及贸易总协定七个回合主要关于降低税价的贸易协定之后，税收所起的保护作用日趋下降。 III
1. Tariff is a duty collected by customs of a government on imports and/or ex
ports.
2. A revenue tariff can be some of the incomes of a government, but it must be taken under control.
3. To export goods at an unreasonably low price is taken as dumping which might be fought against by government of the importing country.
4. A tariff may be assessed on a per unit basis, in which case it is known as a specific duty. It also may be assessed as a percentage of the value of the item, in which case it is known as an ad valorem duty.
5. Import tariffs primarily serve as a means of raising the price of the import goods so that competitively produced domestic goods will gain a relative price advantage.
Chapter 3 I
APEC Asia-pacific Economic Co-operation
FTAAP Free Trade Agreement of Asia and the Pacific EU European Union
NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement
MERCOSUR Mercado Comun Del Cono Sur / Southern Common Market ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations EFTA European Free Trade Area
AFTA ASEAN Free Trade Area PTAs Preferential Trade agreements
II
Trade bloc 贸易集团
Trade block 贸易禁运/ 封锁
Open regionalism 开放式区域主义 Free trade area 自由贸易区 Customs union 关税联盟 Common market 共同市场 Economic union 经济联盟 Trade embargoes 贸易禁运 Boycotts 抵制
歧视性关税 discriminatory tariffs 经济制裁 economic sanction 贸易弹性 trade elasticity
双边贸易协定 bilateral trade agreement 最惠国 most favored nation
Chapter 4
I .GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade HOD Heads of Delegations
TRIPs Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights GATS General Agreement on Trade in Services TRIMs Trade Related Investment Measures MFN Most Favored Nations
II. 施惠国 Patronage nations 受惠国 Favored nations 缔约国 Contracting Parties 市场准入 market access 透明度 transparency
紧急进口措施 Urgent Importing Measures 争端解决机制
dispute settlement mechanism
可
持
续
发
展 sustainable development 特许经营 franchise
III.
1. Until now WTO has already had 150 members and its trade volume covers 90% of the total trade volume in the whole world.
2. Topmost of WTO is the Ministerial Conference which has to meet at least once every two years. Under the Ministerial Conference is the General Council that has to meet at Geneva regularly.
3. The WTO Secretariat, which offices only in Geneva, Swizerland, has around 550 regular stuff and is headed by a Director-General. Since decisions are made by Members only, the Secretariat has no decision-making powers as the other international institutions.
4. The Secretariat provides some form of legal assistance in the dispute settlement process and advises governments wishing to become Members of the WTO.
Chapter 5 I
FOB班轮条件 清关
FOB吊钩下交货 平舱 多式联运 船舷 内陆水运 理舱 卸货费 投保
CFR卸至岸上(含着陆费) 班轮 单据买卖
CFR舱底交货 CFR班轮条件 象征性交货
FOB liner term customs clearance FOB Under Tackle trim
multimodal transport shipboard
marine navigation on inland waterway stow
discharge expense cover insurance CFR Landed liner
documentary sales CFR Ex-ship's Hold CFR liner terms symbolic delivery
II
1. Under CFR, buyers should effect insurance.
2. Under CIF Ex-Ship's Hold, seller should pay the discharge charges.
3. Under CIF, the insured amount should be US $ 22 000 if the contracted price is US $20000. 4. Under CIP, seller has to procure insurance against the buyer's risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the carriage.
5. The FAS term requires the seller to clear the goods for export
6. The DEQ term requires the buyer to proceed with the customs clearance for imports and payment of all customs duty.
7. Under DDP, the seller must pay the costs of customs duties as well as all duties, taxes and other official charges payable upon exportation and importation of the goods.
8. Under DDU the seller must give the buyer instant notice of the shipping of the goods as well as any other notice required in order to allow she buyer to take measure. III
1. 该报价为FOB的价格并含5％的佣金。 2. 在CPT、CIP项下，“承运人”指在货物运输合同中承诺通过铁路、公路、航空、海运、内河水运或多式运输等方式完成货物运输的人。
3. 在FCA项下，交货地的选择对货物的装船与卸载责任有影响。如果交货地基于卖方，卖
方有装载责任。如果交货地在其它地方，卖方对卸载没有责任。
4. 在FOB项下，卖方必须在约定的日期或期限内，在指定的装运港，按照该港习惯方式，将货物交至买方指定的船只上。买方必须自货物在指定的装运港越过船舷之刻起承当货物灭失或损坏的一切风险。
Questions
│Y │Y │Y │Y │Y │Y │Y │Y │Y │Y │Y │ │N │Y │Y │Y │Y │Y │Y │Y │Y │Y │Y │ │N │N │N │N │N │Y │N │Y │N │N │N │ │N │N │N │N │Y │Y │Y │Y │Y │Y │Y │ │N │Y │Y │Y │Y │Y │Y │Y │Y │Y │Y │ │N │N │N │N │Y │Y │Y │Y │Y │Y │Y │
V
A.1. c; 2. d; 3. a; 4. c; 5. c; 6. c; 7. d; 8. b; 9. d; l0.c B. 1. a; 2. ab; 3. abcdf; 4. abc; 5. aef
Chapter 6
I
1. Sales by Seller's/Buyer's Sample 2. Reference/Duplicate Sample 3. Quality Tolerance 4. Counter Sample
5. More or Less Clauses 6. Neutral Packing 7, Customs Formality
8. Inspection Certificate of Quality 9. FDA
10. Marking of Goods 凭卖方样品买卖／凭买方样品买卖 基准样品／副样 品质公差 对等样品 溢短装条款 中性包装 报关手续 质量检验证书 食品及药物管理局 标记货物
II 毛重 理论重量 净重 约定皮重 公量 单位重量 含水量 习惯皮重 法定重量 实际皮重 从价税 平均皮重 货样不符
gross weight
theoretical weight net weight computed tare conditioned weight unit weight water capacity customary tare legal weight actual tare
ad valorem duty average tare
goods not equal to the sample
副产品
国家质量监督校验检疫总局
by-products General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China
III
(B) mineral ore A. sample (C) ordinary garments B. manual (D) fish C.F.A.Q (E) Hair washing machines D.G. NLQ
(G) medical apparatus E. famous brand (A) wheat F. specification (H) calligraphic works G. inspection
(F) power plant generator H. drawing or diagram IV
I. The quality and price of commodities should be taken into consideration in choosing the packing material and package designing.
2．A topper, matched with the superior-grade packing, speaks itself for its high quality and preciousness.
3. It will extremely increase the cost of the goods to pack the medium-low quality with the high quality material, and therefore, influence its sale.
4. It will effect its marketing of the goods to doggedly strive for thrift in a wa5 to pack the superior quality with the low quality material.
5．We should take not only the quality and appearance of the goods into consideration, but also the customers' taste and preference.
6. We must improve the quality of the export goods so as to strengthen its competitiveness in the international market.
Chapter 7
I.
油轮 定程租船 滚装船 定期租船 载驳轮 光船租船 船期表 租船合同 滞期费 班轮运价表 速遣费 选卸附加费 直航附加费
Oil tanker
Voyage Charter Ro/Ro vessel Time Charter
LASH ( Light Aboard Ship ) Bare Boat Charter(BBC) sailing schedule charter contract demurrage charge
liner freight rate schedule dispatch money optional additional direct additional
转船附加费 港口拥挤附加费 运输代理 包裹 拼箱货 结汇 整箱货 空运单
集装箱货运站 装运通知 处置权
Partial shipment/transshipment Bill of lading Clean B/L Order B/L
Combined transport B/L Blank B/L Straight B/L Through B/L Liner B/L
Ante-dated B/L Advanced B/L Consignment note Blank endorsement IATA
Combined transport documents FCL/LCL transshipment surcharge Port Congestion Surcharge transportation agent package
LCL( Less than container load) settlement
FCL( Full container load ) Air waybill container yard shipping notice right of disposal 分批装船／转运 提单 清洁提单 指示提单 联合运输提单 空白提单 记名提单 联运提单 班轮提单 倒签提单 预借提单
陆运或铁路运输通知 空白背书
国际航空运输协会 多式联运单据 整箱货／拼箱货
II 1. √ 2. √
3. x delay→advance
4. x accepted→unaccepted 5. √
6．X把“or without”去掉 III
1．海运提单上列出了承运人和托运人之间的权利和义务。
2．班轮公司通常把航海时间表登载在报纸上或者分发给托运人。 3. 在多式联运提单上，卸货港应该是提单许可的中转码头。
4. 集装箱收费是多种多样的。例如附加费，总费率的确定是基本费率加上附加费率。 5．集装箱的好处在于：方便处理货物，减少盗窃，减少暴露，节约装船成本。
IV
1. Transport documents which appear on their face to indicate that shipment has been made on the same means of conveyance and for the same journey, provided they indicate the same destination, will not be regarded as covering partial shipment, even if the transport documents indicate different dates of shipment and/or different ports of loading, places of taking in charge, or dispatch.
2. Clean transport document is one which hears no clause or notation which expressly declares a defective condition of the goods and/or the packaging.
3. Neither the carder nor the shipper shall be responsible in any event for loss or damage to, or in connection with, goods if the nature or value thereof has been knowingly misstated by the shipper in the Bill of lading.
4. Where the performance of the carriage or part thereof has been entrusted to an actual carrier, whether or not in pursuance of a liberty under the contract of carriage by sea to do so, the carrier nevertheless remains responsible for the entire carriage. The carrier is responsible, in relation to the carriage performed by the actual carrier, for the acts and omissions of the actual carrier and of his servants and agents acting within the scope of their employment.
Chapter 8
I
投保人 共同海损 投保金额 外来风险 保险单 推定全损 海上风险 施救费用 救助费用 意外事故 承保人 单独海损 保险费
航空运输货物战争险 陆运险 陆运一切险 估损费用
航空运输一切险
Ocean marine insurance War risks
Basic risks coverage Insured amount T.P.N. D Taint of odor
Overland transportation insurance Parcel post insurance
insured
general average insured amount extraneous risks insurance policy constructive average marine risks salvage charges
sue and labor expenses misfortune insurer
particular average insurance premium
air transportation war risk land transportation risks land transportation all risks risk estimation charges
air transportation all risks charges 海运保险 战争险 基本险种 投保金额
偷盗、失窃、提货不着险 串味险
陆上运输保险 邮寄包裹保险
Free from particular average Additional risks coverage
Fresh water and/or rain damage With particular average 平安险 附加险别 淡水雨淋险 水渍险
II. 1. √ 2. √ 3. √
4. X Special additional coverage such as war risks, strikes and so on must be taken out together with FPA, WPA. (and all risks)
5. X In essence, open policy is (not) the same as the insurance certificate. 6. √ 7. √
8. X Three (two) types of risks are covered by ocean marine insurance, namely the perils of sea, the extraneous risks (删除 and the force majeure).
9. X Ocean marine insurance covers two types of losses, partial lass and total l
oss → perils of sea and extraneous risks III
1. Exposed to many risks in the process of transporting and loading and unloading, export goods face the possibility of loss.
2. Supposed that the goods is put on deck instead of in the cabin where it should be according to the clause stipulated in the insurance contract, insurer has the right to against any possible claims lodged by the insured.
3. Cabin coverage includes the risk of falling into ocean only, and excludes the risks of fresh water, rain and soak.
4. Expert credit insurance is a kind of credit insurances.
5. The insured should deliver the goods to the carrier by the agreed way before the maturity of insurance.
6. Initial value assurance is sealed by the seller normally, whereas increased value assurance is bought by the buyer.
7. If the insured cannot get the whole or partial payment due to the commercial credit or political risks, the insurer should pay the indemnity.
8. Marine insurance policy is the part of the Bill of Lading. Insurer is the marine insurance company. IV
1．从广义上来讲，海运保险的可保风险应包括货物在海上运输中可能的损失和损坏。 2．战争条款是保单中的一项条款，用以保因战争引起损失的风险。
3. 保险应包括水渍险、偷盗失窃及提货不着险和战争险。保险金额为CIF价的110％。如果发生赔付，赔付地为纽约，赔付款以美元计价。
4．仓至仓保险所承保的风险包括从货物因运输目的而离开仓库起经运输期间以及到达 目的地仓库(或者到期日前15天)为止，这段时间内产生的风险。
5．如果保险人所投保的风险发生以至产生实际损失，托运人应该向保险人出示单证以取得赔偿。
Chapter 9 Ⅰ
Cost structure 成本构成 Cost of production 生产成本 Profit margin 边际利润 Selling cost 销售成本 Target costing 目标成本法
Everyday low pricing (EDLP) 每日低价 Total fixed cost 总固定成本 Variable cost 变动成本
Skimming price strategy 撇脂定价战略 Penetration strategy 渗透定价战略 Floating exchange risk 浮动汇率风险 成本导向定价法 pricing based on cost 盈亏平衡定价法 break-even pricing 边际成本定价法 marginal cost pricing 损益两平点break-even point 计价货币money of account 支付货币money of payment 硬货币hard currency 软货币 soft currency 汇率 exchange rate
价款调整 price adjustment
佣金/折扣 commission / discount 期货/现货市场 future / spot market Ⅱ
Country Currency Britain GBP pound
Japan JPY Japanese Yan France FRF French Franc Australia AUP Australian dollar China CNY RMB Yuan Burma BUK Burmese Kyat Singapore SGD Singapore dollar New Zealand NZD New Zealand dollar Thailand THP Thai Baht
Malaysia MYR Malaysian dollar Nepal NPR Nepalese Rupee India INR India Rupee
Indonesia IDR Indonesian Rupiah
Swiss CHF Swiss Franc Philippines PHP Philippine Peso Italy ITL Italian Lira
Chapter 10 Ⅰ
信用状况 credit standard
远期信用证 time L/C, usance L/C 通知银行 advising bank
信用证有效期 the maturity of L/C 交付运单 delivery of B/L
支付保障条款 confirmation of credit 支付结算 payment and settlement
申请人与受益人 applicant and beneficiary Ⅱ
irrevocable letter of credit 不可撤销信用证 confirmed L/C 保兑信用证
revocable letter of credit 可撤销信用证 sight draft 即期汇票
commercial bill of exchange 商业汇票 time draft 远期汇票
governmental guarantee 政府保函 drawee 付款人
1. Irrevocable L/C is a letter of credit that cannot be canceled or changed with the consent of all parties involved.
2. Time draft is a commercial bill of exchange calling for payment to be made at some time after delivery.
3. Drawee is a person or party who is to receive a draft.
4. Revocable letter of credit is a letter of credit that can be changed by any of the parties involved. 5. Sight draft is a commercial bill of exchange that requires payment to be made as soon as it is presented to the party obligated to pay.
6. Confirmed L/C is a letter if credit to which a bank in the exporter’s country adds its guarantee of payment.
7. Commercial bill of exchange is an instrument of payment in international business that instructs the importer to forward payment to the exporter.
8. Governmental guarantee is an agreement of the government to be responsible for the fulfillment of someone else’s promise. Ⅲ
L/C的全称是跟单信用证或单证信用证。
信用证是银行开出的支付承诺。一旦供应商/出口商/销售者达到信用证条款要求，银行将替买方/进口者支付预定金额。信用证更正式的名称是单证信用证，因为银行处理的是单证而非实物。
既然其正式名称为单证信用证，信用证上所列的条款都涉及在指定时间内出示指定单证。不同的信用证中买方所要求的单证是不同的，但至少会包括一张发票和一张提单。其他的单证包括：原产地证明、领事发票、保险单证、检验单以及其他单证。 Ⅳ
1. In documentary collection, the remitting banks acting as the intermedium, delivers documents of the remitter to the collecting bank and accept payment from the colleting bank. 2. It is always unacceptable if the delivery time of B/L is too short.
3. Exporter should present the documents listed in the L/C to the negotiating bank for payment. 4. Letter of credit includes two basic categories: revocable and irrevocable .The latter one is then classified into two types: confirmed and unconfirmed.
5. Some Special L/Cs include: standby L/C, recycled L/C，red-cross L/C，negotiable L/C, back to back L/C etc.
6. All kind of L/Cs have advantages and disadvantages to buyers and sellers. And the more risks which banks take for confirmation of payment the more they will charge for such services. Ⅴ
Promissory Note
Issued in Beijing the 2 nd day of July, 2003 On the 2 nd day of July, 2006 fixed.
We promise to pay against this Promissory Note to the order of Bank of Oslo, Oslo, Norway the sum of USD 676 000 (say Six Hundred and Seventy Six Thousand only).Payable in Oslo, Norway.
For Bank of China Signature
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