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(完整word)The Elements of Style中文版

2023-06-26 来源:钮旅网
(完整word)The Elements of Style中文版

前言

肯定地说,一个人只有知道规则的情况下才能去打破它,这句经典引用是任何一个学生和认真的作者所必须懂得的.这本书的目的是在有写作的练习加上文学的学习中得到应用,它用简洁的话语给出了简明英语风格最主要的要求,在规则的使用时的细致的注意事项,以及最可能共同违反的作文的原则. 第一章 简介

这本书的意图是在英语课上使用,作为英语作文的联系以及对文学的学习。它旨在用简洁的方式给出简明英语最基本的要求。它的目的是通过将学生和老师的注意力都集中到(第二三章)一些基本的要素,应用规则,以及人们共同的犯的作文的基本规则,来减轻老师和学生的负担。节选的片段可能用作修正过的手稿的引用。 这本书仅仅包含英语风格领域的一小部分,但是作者的体验是一旦能够掌握这些细节,学生将会通过基于他们自己自己作品中的问题的个人指导受益匪浅,每个老师都有他们自己的理论,他也会更喜欢这个在某本书中给出的方法。

在准备这本书的手稿时,作者在康内尔大学英语系的同事给与了作者很大的帮助.Mr. George McLaneWood非常爽快地同意在规则11中包含的一些内容来自于他的Suggestions to Authors.

下面的这些书籍可以作为更进一步学习的参考:in connection with Chapters II and IV, F。 Howard Collins, Author and Printer (Henry Frowde); Chicago University Press, Manual of Style; T. L。 De Vinne, Correct Composition (The Century Company); Horace Hart, Rules for Compositors and Printers (Oxford University Press); George McLane Wood, Extracts from the Style-Book of the Government Printing Office (United States Geological Survey); in connection with Chapters III and V, Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch, The Art of Writing (Putnams), especially the chapter, Interlude on Jargon; George McLaneWood, Suggestions to Authors (United States Geological Survey); John Leslie Hall, English Usage (Scott, Foresman and Co.); James P。 Kelly, Workmanship in Words (Little, Brown and Co。)。 有个古老的观察:最好的作者有时会忽视修辞的规则。然而,当他们这么做的时候,读者将会通常在句子中发现一些修正的好处,得到了违反规则的耗费。如果他也不确定这样做,那他遵守这些规则会做得最好。在他学习这些规则之后,经过这些规则的指导,在每天的使用中写出足够多的简明英语,让他看看,为了了解风格秘密,得学习文学的控制。 II.基本的使用规则

1.单数名词所有格后加’的形式

当名词的最后音节为辅音时,遵循这样的规则。这样写: Charles's friend

Burns’s poems the witch’s malice

这是美国联邦政府印刷局和剑桥大学出版社的使用方式。

例外是传统的专有名词所有格使用“—es\"和“—is\", Jesus’所有格以及这样的一些形式,如:for conscience' sake, for righteousness' sake。但是,这些形式(Achilles’ heel, Moses’ laws, Isis' temple)完全能够用下面的这些形式代替: the heel of Achilles

the laws of Moses

the temple of Isis

代词所有格没有撇号使用方式,如:hers, its, theirs, yours, 和 oneself 2。 除了最后一个,三个或者更多的一系列词语使用逗号连接在每个词语后面。

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这样写:

red, white, and blue

honest, energetic, but headstrong

He opened the letter, read it, and made a note of its contents。

这也是美国联邦政府印刷局和剑桥大学出版社的使用方式。 如果是厂商的名字,那么最后一个逗号将省略,如: Brown, Shipley and Company

在缩写etc之前如果是单数,那么一般也要加上逗号。 3.两个逗号之间的附加说明

The best way to see a country, unless you are pressed for time, is to travel on foot。 这条规则应用起来是有难度的。它的困难之处在于你要频繁的去决定一个简单的词语,例如however,或者一个简短的短语,是否为附加说明.如果这种插入对于句子的流畅性是一种轻微的间断,那么作者就可以放心地省略那些逗号。但是不管这种间断是轻微还是重要的,都不能省略其中的一个而去留下另外一个逗号.这样的标点符号例子如:

Marjorie’s husband, Colonel Nelson paid us a visit yesterday, 或者

My brother you will be pleased to hear, is now in perfect health, 都是站不住脚的。

与这条规则相一致的是,非限定性定语从句被逗号分开。

The audience, which had at first been indifferent, became more and more interested. 相似的从句由when和where引起,同样加上逗号。

In 1769, when Napoleon was born, Corsica had but recently been acquired by France.

Nether Stowey, where Coleridge wrote The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, is a few miles from Bridgewater。

在这些句子中,从句是由which,where和when引起的非限定性从句。它们并不是限定从句所依赖而使用的词语,而是对主句的增加性,附带性,补充性说明。每个句子都是两个独立句子的组合。

The audience was at first indifferent。 Later it became more and more interested.

Napoleon was born in 1769. At that time Corsica had but recently been acquired by France。

Coleridge wrote The Rime of the Ancient Mariner at Nether Stowey。 Nether Stowey is only a few miles from Bridgewater。

限定性定语从句不能用逗号隔开。

The candidate who best meets these requirements will obtain the place.

在这个句子中,定语从句限定单词candidate为一个单数人,与前面提到的不同的是,这样的句子不能分割成两个独立的句子。

缩写词etc和jr之前也通常会加上逗号,除非在句子的末尾,由一个单数跟随。

(例如:Synonymous with illegal: used with instruction code, character, etc。 The place was a blazing, raging, roaring, etc inferno。

The city's bright lights, theatres, films, etc, are great attractions。)

与在逗号之间插入附加说明表达方式的原则相似的是在一句话的主句上前置或者后置一系列用逗号隔开的独立的句子。这一部分所引用的句子和在第4,5,6,7,16和18原则下所引用的例子能够有充分的指导。 如果前置的附加说明的表达是由一个连接词组成,请在连接词之前放置第一个逗号,而在其后面则不需要。 He saw us coming, and unaware that we had learned of his treachery, greeted us with a smile. 4.通过and或者but引入一个独立的句子时,在and或者but之前加上逗号。

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The early records of the city have disappeared, and the story of its first years can no longer be reconstructed.

The situation is perilous, but there is still one chance of escape.

这种独立与上下文的句子,可能根据需要要进行重写。由于逗号之前的句子具有完整的语义,第二个从句便有了事后补充的表象。更进一步说,and是最无特殊之处的连接词。它用于两个独立的句子之间,它意味着在这两个句子之间只是一种没有被说明的联系。上面提到的例子中,这种联系表现为原因和结果。这两个句子可以重写为:

As the early records of the city have disappeared, the story of its first years can no longer be reconstructed。

Although the situation is perilous, there is still one chance of escape。 或者从句由短语代替:

Owing to the disappearance of the early records of the city, the story of its first years can no longer be reconstructed.

In this perilous situation, there is still one chance of escape。

但是,作者可能在使他写的句子一致地紧凑和完整时会产生错误,一个随意的松散句子能够使作者的风格避免于太过正式,给读者一种轻松的感觉。因此,松散的这种风格很容易成为一种共同的风格—-—-自然的写作。但是作者应该注意的是在这些类型的句子之后不要去构造过多的他自己的句子.(请看第14条规则)。 两部分组成的句子由像这些词语引起的as (意思是because), for, or, nor, and while (意思是and at the same time)句子的第二部分都需要在连接词之前加上逗号。

如果是独立的句子,或者引导短语需要用逗号分开,请在第二个独立的句子之前,而在连接词之后不需要逗号。

The situation is perilous, but if we are prepared to act promptly, there is still one chance of escape。

对于由副词连接的两部分类型句子,请看下一节. 5.不要利用逗号加入独立的分句

如果两个或者更多的分句在语法上说是完整的,那么不要加入连接词,而是使其成为一个简单的并列复合句,恰当的标点符号是分号。

Stevenson's romances are entertaining; they are full of exciting adventures。 It is nearly half past five; we cannot reach town before dark。 将上面的复合句各自写成两个句子,用句号代替分号,这当然是正确的。

Stevenson's romances are entertaining。 They are full of exciting adventures. It is nearly half past five。 We cannot reach town before dark。 如果要加入连接词,合适的标点符号是逗号.(规则4)

Stevenson’s romances are entertaining, for they are full of exciting adventures。 It is nearly half past five, and we cannot reach town before dark.

注意:如果第二个分句是由accordingly, besides, so, then, therefore, 或者 thus这样副词,而不是由连接词引起的,则仍然需要用到分号。

I had never been in the place before; so I had difficulty in finding my way about。

通常来说,在写作中,避免以这种方式使用so无论怎样都是最好的.那些使用全面使用它的作者可能经常会用到它,这是危险的。放弃使用so,而在第一个分句之前使用as,这种简单的修正是可行的: As I had never been in the place before, I had difficulty in finding my way about. 如果分句是很短的,并且在形式上很像,那么逗号也是可以的: Man proposes, God disposes。

The gate swung apart, the bridge fell, the portcullis was drawn up. 6.不要将句子拆分成两部分

换句话说,不要使用句号代替逗号。

I met them on a Cunard liner several years ago. Coming home from Liverpool to New York.

He was an interesting talker. A man who had traveled all over the world, and lived in half a dozen

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countries。

在这两个例子中,第一个句号都应该被逗号代替,以及后面的单词应以小写字母开头. 一个句子为了达到强调一个单词或者表达式的目的,相应地加上了标点,这是可以的。 Again and again he called out。 No reply。

无论如何,作者都必须确信强调是受到保证的,他并不只是怀疑标点符号方面的错误。

规则3,4,5和6包括了普通句子标点符号方面的最重要的原则.它们必须被熟练的掌握,以至于让它们成为一种老的习惯。

7.句子开头的分词短语必须与主语相关。

Walking slowly down the road, he saw a woman accompanied by two children. 单词walking与这句话的主语相关,而不是woman。如果作者想与woman相关,那么作者必须彻底重写这句话: He saw a woman, accompanied by two children, walking slowly down the road.

分词短语由连接词或者介词引导,名词同位语,形容词以及形容词短语,如果放在句子开头,也遵循同样的规则。

On arriving in Chicago, When he arrived (or, On his friends met him at his arrival) in the station。

Chicago, his friends met him at the station.

A soldier of proved

A soldier of proved

valor, they entrusted valor, he was entrusted him with the defence of with the defence of the the city。 Young and

city。 Young and

inexperienced, the task inexperienced, I seemed easy to me。 Without a friend to counsel him, the temptation proved irresistible。

thought the task easy。 Without a friend to counsel him, he found the temptation irresistible.

违反这条规则的句子时通常是可笑的.

Being in a dilapidated condition, I was able to buy the house very cheap。

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8.在行的末端,单词分开写以便与他们的构造和发音相一致

如果在一行的末端有空间给一个单词的单或者多音节,但是不足以容纳整个单词,如果切断的并不仅仅是一个单词的一个字母或者两个字母,那么分开这个单词,我们主张的是对所有的单词没有固定的规则。这些原则最主要的应用是:

a.分开单词,根据他们的构造

know-ledge (not knowl-edge); Shake—speare (not Shakes-peare); de—scribe (not des-cribe); atmo-sphere (not atmos-phere); b.在元音字母上分开

edi—ble (not ed—ible); propo—sition; ordi-nary; espe—cial; reli—gious; oppo-nents; regu-lar; classi—fi—ca-tion (three divisions possible); deco—rative; presi-dent; c.如果双写字母不是在单词一般形式的末尾,那么在这个双写字母之间分开这个单词 Apen-nines; Cincin—nati; refer—ring; but tell—ing。 辅音字母组合的处理方式是最好的展示示例。

for—tune; pic—ture; presump—tuous; illus-tration; sub—stan—tial (either division); indus-try; instruc-tion; sug—ges—tion; incen-diary.

通过对认真出版的书籍许多页的音节拆分联系之后,学生将会做得很好. III.作文的基本规则

9。让段落成为文章的基本组成单位:一段包含一个主题

如果你所论述的主题所涉及的范围很窄,或者你想将它写的很简单,那么你就没有必要将它再划分为几个小的主题。这样,一个简单的描述,一件文学作品的简短总结,一件普通事件的简单记录,一种仅仅概况某种行为的叙述,一种想法的付诸行动,这些当中的任何一个主题都最好写成一段,当把这些段落写好之后,我们就要检查这些段落的划分是否有可以提高的地方。

然而,一个主题通常都需要划分成几个小的主题,而且每个主题都应该单独成段.当然,这种将每个小的主题单独成段的大的主题能够通过自身帮助读者理解。每一段的开始都是给读者以主旨的发展到了一个新的阶段的信号。

主旨划分的范围随着文章的长短变化而变化。例如,一本书或者一首诗的通知可能只包含一段。稍微长一点的可能包含两段:

A。 Account of the work. B。 Critical discussion。

为一个文学专业班级缩写的文学报告,可能包含七段: A. Facts of composition and publication。 B. Kind of poem; metrical form. C. Subject.

D。 Treatment of subject。

E. For what chiefly remarkable。

F. Wherein characteristic of the writer。 G. Relationship to other works.

C和D段落的内容将会随诗的不同而变化.段落C将会指出诗的真实的或者想象的情况(情形),如果这些需要解释,然后陈述主题以及描述它的发展.如果诗是以第三人的角度叙述的,那么段落C仅仅需要包含这种行为的简明总结。段落D将会指出文章的主要的思想以及如何突出他们,或者指出作者叙述主要强调的意义何在.

一部小说可能是在下面的主题下讨论的: A. Setting。 B。 Plot.

C. Characters。 D. Purpose.

一起历史事件可能是在下面的主题下讨论的: A。 What led up to the event.

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B. Account of the event。

C。 What the event led up to。

当处理最后这两个主题的任何一个时,作者可能会发现有必要继续划分这里给出的这些小的主题中的一个或者更多.

作为一条规则,简单句是不能被写作或者印刷成为一段的。过渡句是它的例外,它指出阐述或者论述部分之间的关系.

在对话中,每句话甚至是仅仅一个单词都要单独成段。换句话说,每一个新的段落都是以说话者的改变而开始的。当对话和叙述综合使用时,这条规则的应用最好的学习是从优秀的小说作品例子中来。 10.作为一条规则,每段以主旨句开头,以与开头主旨句相一致的句子结尾

主旨再次帮助了读者。作为练习在这里建议:当读者开始读每一段时,能够使他发现这一段要达到的目的,当他读完这一段时,能够将这个目的记在心中。出于这样的原因,特别是对于阐述和论证,最有用的段落类型是这样的,他们包括:

a.在段落的开头或者周围,有一个主旨句;

b。接下来的句子,解释或者加强或者发展这个由主旨句所做的论断; c。最后的句子要么强调主旨句的思想,要么陈述一些重要的结果。 以离题或者一些不重要的细节作为结尾,是特别要避免的.

如果段落成为一篇较大文章的一部分,那么它与它之前部分之间的关系,以及它在整体中作为部分所起到的作用,可能需要表述。这有时能够通过主旨句中仅仅一个单词或者短语(again; therefore; for the same reason)完成。然而,有时通过在主旨句之前加上一句或者更多的语句作为引导或者过度,这只是权宜之计。如果过度句需要不止一句,那么最好将主旨句分离单独成段。对于作者的写作意图,正如上文提到的,作者可能通过一种或者许多种不同的方法将主旨句和段落主体相联系.作者可能通过使用不同的形式重述主旨句,使用术语定义,否定它的独立面,给出说明或者特殊的例子,以使其更加清晰;作者可能通过证据创立它,或者通过展示它的启示和结果推动它;在一个长段落中,作者可能执行这些进程中的一些:

1 Now, to be properly 1 Topic sentence.

enjoyed, a walking tour should be gone upon alone.

2 If you go in a company, 2 The meaning made

or even in pairs, it is clearer by denial of no longer a walking tour in anything but name; it is something else and more in the nature of a picnic.

3 A walking tour should 3 The topic sentence

the contrary。

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be gone upon alone, repeated, in abridged

because freedom is of form, and supported by the essence; because three reasons; the you should be able to meaning of the third stop and go on, and follow this way or that, as the freak

(\"you must have your own pace”) made clearer by denying the

takes you; and because converse。 you must have your own pace, and neither trot alongside a champion walker, nor mince in time with a girl.

4 And you must be open to 4 A fourth reason,

all impressions and let stated in two forms。 your thoughts take colour from what you see。

5 You should be as a pipe 5 The same reason,

for any wind to play upon。

6 ”I cannot see the

stated in still another form.

6—7 The same reason as

wit,\" says Hazlitt, stated by Hazlitt.

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\"of walking and talking at the same time。

7 When I am in the

country, I wish to vegetate like the country,” which is the gist of all that can be said upon the matter。

8 There should be no

8 Repetition, in

cackle of voices at paraphrase, of the

your elbow, to jar on quotation from the meditative silence Hazlitt。 of the morning。

9 And so long as a man is 9 Final statement of the

reasoning he cannot surrender himself to

fourth reason, in language amplified and

that fine intoxication heightened to form a that comes of much motion in the open air, that begins in a sort of dazzle and

sluggishness of the brain, and ends in a

strong conclusion。

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peace that passes comprehension。—Stevenson, Walking Tours.

1 It was chiefly in the 1 Topic sentence。

eighteenth century that a very different conception of history grew up.

2 Historians then came 2 The meaning of the

to believe that their topic sentence made task was not so much to clearer; the new paint a picture as to conception of history solve a problem; to explain or illustrate the successive phases of national growth, prosperity, and adversity.

3 The history of morals, 3 The definition

defined。

of industry, of intellect, and of art; the changes that take

expanded.

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place in manners or beliefs; the dominant ideas that prevailed in successive periods; the rise, fall, and modification of political

constitutions; in a word, all the

conditions of national well—being became the subjects of their works。

4 They sought rather to 4 The definition

write a history of peoples than a history of kings.

5 They looked

explained by contrast。

5 The definition

especially in history supplemented: another for the chain of causes element in the new and effects.

6 They undertook to

conception of history。

6 Conclusion: an

study in the past the important consequence

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physiology of nations, of the new conception and hoped by applying of history. the experimental method on a large scale to deduce some lessons of real value about the conditions on which the welfare of society mainly depend.—Lecky,

The Political Value of History。

在叙述和描述性的段落中,为了服务于将下面的这些细节整合在一起,作者有时以简洁的容易理解的陈述开

头:

The breeze served us admirably。

The campaign opened with a series of reverses。

The next ten or twelve pages were filled with a curious set of entries。

但是这种策略如果使用太过频繁,就会成为一种特殊习惯.太过平凡的开头明白无误的通过主题说明这一段是什么以及它所主要关联的。

At length I thought I might return towards the stockade。

He picked up the heavy lamp from the table and began to explore. Another flight of steps, and they emerged on the roof。

然而,简洁生动的叙述性段落通常是没有这样相似的主旨句.修辞介入它们之间而产生的停顿是为了服务于突出某种情节的一些细节. 11。使用主动语态

主动语态通常比被动语态更加直接,更加有力。

I shall always remember my first visit to Boston. 这句比下面这句更好:

My first visit to Boston will always be remembered by me。

后面这句显得不够直接,不够大胆,不够简洁。如果作者试图通过省略“by me\",以使其简洁. My first visit to Boston will always be remembered,

它将变得不确定:是作者,还是其他身份不明的人,还是整个世界,将会记住这次访问? 这条规则当然并不意味着作者应该完全摒弃通常很方便而在有些时候很需要的被动语态。 The dramatists of the Restoration are little esteemed to—day.

Modern readers have little esteem for the dramatists of the Restoration.

在关于复兴时期剧作家的段落中,第一句是正确的。第二句则是在关于现代读者的体验的段落中是正确的。正如在这些例子中,句子的主语需要使用特殊的词语将会经常决定使用何种语态。

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然而,主动语态的习惯性使用,会导致强有力的写作风格.而这种风格并不仅仅是在与一些情节相关的叙述文章中,而是在任何一种题材的的文章中都会体现。许多乏味的描绘和阐述性语句通过用这里或者能够听到的这些马虎的表达取代主动语态中的及物动词,能够变得生动和突出重点。

There were a great Dead leaves covered the

number of dead leaves ground。 lying on the ground。

The sound of the falls The sound of the falls could still be heard. still reached our ears. The reason that he left Failing health college was that his health became impaired。

It was not long before He soon repented his he was very sorry that words. he had said what he had.

compelled him to leave college。

作为一条规则,避免使一个被动语态依赖于另一个。

Gold was not allowed to It was forbidden to be exported。

export gold (The export of gold was prohibited)。

He has been proved to It has been proved that have been seen entering he was seen to enter the the building.

building.

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在上面的例子中,在改正之前,第一个被动语态的主语决定了与第二个被动相关的合适的词语.

一个共同的错误就是,在使用名词作被动语态的主语时,这个名词表达了全部的情节,使得动词在完成句子时没有什么作用能够超越那个名词.

A survey of this region This region was was made in 1900. Mobilization of the army was rapidly carried out。

Confirmation of these These reports cannot be reports cannot be obtained。

surveyed in 1900。 The army was rapidly mobilized.

confirmed。

比较句子,在“The export of gold was prohibited\"中谓语“was prohibited”表达出而不是暗示某些事情在“export”.

12.用肯定的形式表达陈述句

作出明确的断言.避免使用平淡的,苍白的,犹豫的,不置可否的语句。使用单词“not\"的否定或者对立面的意思,绝对不要使用逃避的意思。

He was not very often on He usually came late. time。

He did not think that He thought the study of studying Latin was much Latin useless. use。

The Taming of the Shrew The women in The Taming is rather weak in spots. Shakespeare does not portray Katharine as a very

of the Shrew are

unattractive. Katharine is

disagreeable, Bianca

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admirable character, insignificant。 nor does Bianca remain long in memory as an important character in Shakespeare’s works。

在改正之前,最后一个例子是不确定和消极的。所以,修改后的版本是一种对作者意图的简单猜测。

这三个例子都显示了单词“not”固有的弱点.有意或者无意的,告诉读者不是什么,作者对此是不会满足的;作者想知道的是是什么。因此,作为一条规则,表达消极的意思时,最好使用积极的形式。

not honest not important did not remember

did not pay any attention to

dishonest trifling forgot ignored

did not have much confidence in distrusted

积极与消极之间的对立是非常强烈的: Not charity, but simple justice.

Not that I loved Caesar less, but Rome the more。 与not相比,消极的词通常更强烈:

The sun never sets upon the British flag. 13.省略不必要的词句

有力的作品是简洁的。一句话不应该包括不必要的词语,一个段落不应该包括不必要的句子,出于同样的原因,一幅绘画不应该有不必要的画线,一台机器则是不应该有不必要的部分。这并不是要求作者将他的所有句子都缩短,或者避开所有的细节,而仅仅处理主题的轮廓,而是要求作者用单词实现. 许多共同使用的表达违反了这条原则:

the question as to whether whether (the question whether) there is no doubt but that no doubt (doubtless) used for fuel purposes he is a man who

Used for fuel He

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in a hasty manner this is a subject which

hastily this subject

His story is a strange one. His story is strange。

尤其是表达式the fact that,应该修改它所出现的每一个句子.

owing to the fact that in spite of the fact that

since (because) though (although)

call your attention to the fact that remind you (notify you) I was unaware of the fact that the fact that he had not succeeded the fact that I had arrived

I was unaware that (did not know) his failure my arrival

也可以在第v章的时候看看这些单词:case, character, nature, system Who is, which was等等通常是多余的。

His brother, who is a His brother, a member member of the same firm of the same firm Trafalgar, which was Trafalgar, Nelson’s Nelson's last battle

last battle

由于积极的陈述比消极的陈述,以及主动语态比别的语态都更加简洁,所以在规则11和12给出的许多例子也说明了这条规则.

通常违反简洁性的是,一步一步地叙述一个复杂的想法,而将这一系列的句子合并成一句话会变得很有利。

Macbeth was very ambitious。 This led

Encouraged by his wife, Macbeth achieved his

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him to wish to become ambition and realized king of Scotland。 The the prediction of the witches told him that witches by murdering this wish of his would Duncan and becoming come true。 The king of king of Scotland in his Scotland at this time place。 (26 words.) was Duncan。 Encouraged by his wife, Macbeth murdered Duncan。 He was thus enabled to succeed Duncan as king。 (55 words.)

14.避免一连串的松散的句子

与这条规则特别相关的是一种特殊形式的松散句,这种类型的句子包括两个子句,第二句由连接词或者关系词引导。虽然这种类型的单个句子时可能是极好的(请看规则4),但是当是一系列的时候,很快就变得单调而冗长.

一个不熟练的作者有时会构造由这种类型句子组成的一整段,使用这样的连接词:and, but,而很少频繁的使用这些词:who, which, when, where以及while,后面的这些词是非限定性的用法(请看规则3)。

The third concert of the subscription series was given last evening, and a large audience was in attendance. Mr。 Edward Appleton was the soloist, and the Boston Symphony Orchestra furnished the instrumental music。 The former showed himself to be an artist of the first rank,

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while the latter proved itself fully deserving of its high reputation。 The interest aroused by the series has been very gratifying to the Committee, and it is planned to give a similar series annually hereafter. The fourth concert will be given on Tuesday, May 10, when an equally attractive programme will be presented.

除了它的平淡和空洞,上面的这一段之所以不好是因为句子的结构,以及它们机械式的对称性和平淡的语调。规则10中所引段落中的句子或者任意优秀的英语散文中的片段,例如名利场中的前言(在目录之前),都与它们形成了对比。

如果作者发现自己写了一系列所描述的这种类型的句子,他必须用足够多的这些方法来重新修改,去除单调,用这些来代替:简单句,由两个子句组成的句子加入分号,由两个子句组成的掉尾句,由三个子句组成的,最能表达真实想法关系的松散句或者掉尾句。 15.用相似的形式表达同等的思想

对于平行结构,这条原则要求相似内容和功能的表现形式应该在便面上相似。这种结构上的相似性能够使读者更容易理解在内容和功能上的相似性。熟悉的例子来自于《圣经》的the Ten Commandments, the Beatitudes,和 the petitions of the Lord’s Prayer。

不够熟练的作者经常会违反这条原则,是由于他觉得他应该经常变换他的表达方式,这样一个错误的理念.为了突出一个论述,作者可能会变换表达方式来不断重复,这是正确的。为了说明请看在规则10下引用来自Stevenson的段落.但是除了这个,他应该遵循平行结构的这条原则。

Formerly, science was Formerly, science was taught by the textbook taught by the textbook method, while now the method; now it is laboratory method is employed。

taught by the laboratory method.

左边的版本给人一种未决定或者羞怯的感觉。他似乎不能够或者害怕去选择以及坚持一种形式的表达形式。右边的版本最起码作者做出了选择,并且遵循了这种表达。

鉴于这条原则,应用于一系列所有成员的冠词或者介词必须是只应用于第一部分之前或者是每一部分之前重

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复。

The French, the The French, the

Italians, Spanish, and Italians, the Spanish, Portuguese

and the Portuguese

In spring, summer, or In spring, summer, or in winter

winter (In spring, in summer, or in winter)

相关的表达(both, and; not, but; not only, but also; either, or; first, second,like)应该遵循相同的语法结构.许多违反这条原则的例子可以通过重新安排句子结构改正。

It was both a long The ceremony was both ceremony and very long and tedious。

tedious.

A time not for words, A time not for words, but action

but for action

Either you must grant You must either grant his request or incur his request or incur his ill will。 his ill will。 My objections are,

My objections are,

first, the injustice of first, that the the measure; second, measure is unjust; that it is second, that it is unconstitutional.

unconstitutional.

third; the

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请看规则12的第三个例子以及规则13的最后一个例子。

你可能会问,作者有无必要表达一个非常大数目的相似想法的句子,比如说20?作者必须写成相同形式的20个连续的句子吗?对于这种相近的检测,他可能会发现这种困难是想象出来的,他的这20个想法可以分成许多组,他只需运用这条原则在每个组之内。否则,他应该通过将这种形式的陈述放在表格内来避免这种困难。

16.将相关词汇保持在一起

一个句子中词语的位置最主要的作用就是显示它们的关系。因此,作者就必须竟可能的将意思上相关的单词聚集在一次,将其分组,将不相关的单词分离。

作为一条规则,句子的主语和主要的动词不应该被子句和短语分开,而这些子句和短语可以转移到句子开头。

Wordsworth, in the fifth book of The In the fifth book of The Excursion, Wordsworth

gives a minute

Excursion, gives a

minute description of description of this this church.

church。

Cast iron, when treated By treatment in a in a Bessemer

Bessemer converter,

converter, is changed cast iron is changed into steel.

into steel.

反对的理由是插入的短语和句子没有必要的打断了主句的自然顺序。但是,当句子的顺序是由关系从句和或者同位语表达打断的,那么这个反对理由就不应该坚持。在掉尾句中,如果这种打断是为了制造悬念而故意为之你,那么它也不应该坚持。(请看规则18的例子) 作为一条规则,关系代词应该紧跟在先行词之后.

There was a look in his In his eye was a look eye that boded mischief。

He wrote three articles He published in about his adventures in Harper's Magazine Spain, which were

three articles about that boded mischief.

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published in Harper's his adventures in

Magazine。 Spain。

This is a portrait of This is a portrait of Benjamin Harrison, grandson of William Henry Harrison, who became President in 1889。

Benjamin Harrison, grandson of William Henry Harrison. He became President in 1889.

如果先行词包含一组词语,关系代词应该跟在最后一组词语之后,前提是这样不会引起模糊不清的含义。

The Superintendent of the Chicago Division, who

A proposal, which has been variously judged,

A proposal to amend the to amend the Sherman Sherman Act, which has Act

been variously judged A proposal to amend the

much-debated Sherman Act

The grandson of William William Henry Henry Harrison, who

Harrison's grandson, Benjamin Harrison, who

一个名词的位置可能是在先行词和关系代词之间,因为这样的组合不会引起模糊不清的含义。

The Duke of York, his brother, who was regarded with hostility by the Whigs

如果下一个单词有修改的可能,那么修改就会出现。如果许多表达式修改同一个单词,他们应该被安排成没

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有暗示错误的联系。

All the members were not present。 He only found two mistakes。

Not all the members were present. He found only two mistakes.

Major R. E。 Joyce will On Tuesday evening at give a lecture on Tuesday evening in

eight P. M。, Major R。 E。 Joyce will give in

Bailey Hall, to which Bailey Hall a lecture the public is invited, on ”My Experiences in on \"My Experiences in Mesopotamia。” The Mesopotamia\" at eight public is invited.

P。M.

17。在总结中使用一种时态

在总结剧本的情节时,作者应该通常使用现在时.在总结诗歌,故事和小说时,尽管作者可能由于偏好使用过去时而去使用过去时,但他更应该偏向使用现在时。如果总结是现在时态,那么先前的情节就应该用最适合的时态来表述;如果是过去发生的,就用过去时。 An unforeseen chance prevents Friar John from delivering Friar Lawrence’s letter to Romeo。 Juliet, meanwhile, owing to her father’s arbitrary change of the day set for her wedding, has been compelled to drink the potion on Tuesday night, with the result that Balthasar informs Romeo of her supposed death before Friar Lawrence learns of the nondelivery of the letter。

但是无论在总结中是何种时态,在间接引语或者间接疑问句中的过去时应该保持不变。 The Legate inquires who struck the blow.

除了提到的异常,无论作者选择何种时态,都应该自始自终的使用这种时态。从一种时态到另外一种时态的转变给人一种不确定和犹豫不定的表象。(与规则15比较) 在呈现某人的陈述观点或者想法,也正如总结一篇散文或者做一场演讲报告,作者应该避免这种表达的插入:“he said,” “he stated,” “the speaker added,\" “the speaker then went on to say,” “the author also thinks,”诸如此类.他应该从一开始就彻底的表述清楚,接下来总结会是什么,然后不去浪费词语去重述这样的告示。

在笔记中,在报纸中,在文学手册中,一种或者另外一种的总结可能是不可避免的,对于在小学的孩子来说,用他们自己的话重述一个故事,是一个有用的练习。但是在批判或者解释性的文学作品中,作者应该小心避免进入总结中.他可能会发现付出一两句话去指明主题,或者他所讨论的工作开始的情景,这是需要的。他可能引用许多细节来说明他的特性.他应该旨在写一篇由证据支持的有序的议论文,而不是由随意评论组成

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的总结。类似的,如果他所讨论的范围包括许多工作,作为一条规则,作者最好不要仅仅是按照时间顺序排序,而是旨在从一开始就确立一个通用的结论。 18.将句子的重点词语放在末尾

作者最想要突出强调的那个词语或者那组词语的合适的位置通常是在一句话的末尾。

Humanity has hardly Humanity, since that

advanced in fortitude time, has advanced in since that time, though many other ways, but it it has advanced in many has hardly advanced in other ways. This steel is principally used for

fortitude. Because of its hardness, this steel

making razors, because is principally used in of its hardness.

making razors。

那些享有突出位置的词语通常是句子的逻辑谓语,也就是说,句子的新元素,正如第二个例子。

掉尾句的效力来源于句子突出的部分给出了主要的论述观点。

Four centuries ago, Christopher Columbus, one of the Italian mariners whom the decline of their own republics had put at the service of the world and of adventure, seeking for Spain a westward passage to the Indies as a setoff against the achievements of Portuguese discoverers, lighted on America。

With these hopes and in this belief I would urge you, laying aside all hindrance, thrusting away all private aims, to devote yourselves unswervingly and unflinchingly to the vigorous and successful prosecution of this war。

另外一个句子突出的地方是句首。除了句子主语的其他任何成分,当将其放在句首时,就变得突出强调。 Deceit or treachery he could never forgive.

So vast and rude, fretted by the action of nearly three thousand years, the fragments of this architecture may often seem, at first sight, like works of nature. 位于句首的主语也可能变的强调突出,但很难仅仅是通过位置达到的. 这句话中

Great kings worshipped at his shrine,

强调国王很大程度上是因为他的意思和上下文.为了达到特殊强调的作用,句子的主语必须占据句末这个位置。

Through the middle of the valley flowed a winding stream.

最想强调的事物合适的位置是在末尾,这条原则平等的适用于句子中的词语,段落中的句子,文章中的段落。 第四章 一些格式的事项

 标题 留下一个空行,或者与其等价的空间,在手稿的标题之后。在随后的页面中,如果使用的是格子纸,

那么就从第一行开始写。

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 数字 不要清楚拼写出日期或者其他系列的数字。用数字或者罗马符号去写出来可能比较合适。

August 9, 1918 Chapter XII Rule 3

 圆括号 包含插入表达式的句子是要加标点的,如果出入的表达式是不包括在内的,外部用圆括号是合适

352d Infantry

的。如果表达式单独成句,表达式内是要加标点的,如果最后不是问号或者感叹号,最后的停顿符号是要省略的。

I went to his house yesterday (my third attempt to see him), but he had left town.

He declares (and why should we doubt his good faith?) that he is now certain of success。 (当整个的分离的表达式或者句子都是加了括号的,那么最后的停顿符号要放在最后一个圆括号之前。)  语录 正式的语录是由证明文件引用,由冒号引起并且由引号所包围。

The provision of the Constitution is: “No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any state。”

语法上是同位语或者是动词的之间宾语的语录由逗号引领,并且被引号包围.

I recall the maxim of La Rochefoucauld, “Gratitude is a lively sense of benefits to come.\" Aristotle says, “Art is an imitation of nature.”

整行或者更多诗的语录要从启一行开始,并放置在中间,但没有引号包围。 Wordsworth’s enthusiasm for the Revolution was at first unbounded:

Bliss was it in that dawn to be alive, But to be young was very heaven!

由that引起的语录被当作间接引语对待,没有引号包围. Keats declares that beauty is truth, truth beauty. 谚语表达式以及熟悉的短语起始并不要求引号. These are the times that try men’s souls. He lives far from the madding crowd。 这对于白话和俚语同样正确。

 参考文献 学术作品要求准确的参考文献,缩写的标题经常出现,在最后给出所有的格式。按照惯例,出

入或者注脚引入参考文献,而不是在句子主体。省略这些词语:act, scene, line, book, volume, page,除了仅仅引用他们中的一个.如下文这样加标点 In the second scene of the third act

In III.ii (still better, simply insert III。ii in parenthesis at the proper place in the sentence)

After the killing of Polonius, Hamlet is placed under guard (IV。 ii. 14). 2 Samuel i:17-27

Othello II。iii. 264-267, III.iii. 155—161

 标题 对于文学作品的标题,学术用法更倾向于斜体及首字母大写.编辑和出版的用法则不同,有些使用

斜体加大写首字母,有些则使用罗马体加大写首字母,加或者不加引号,使用斜体(用下划线表明手稿),除非是为杂志编写,因为要遵守着不同的规则。当你把所有格放在它们之前时,从标题中省略a或者the.

The Iliad; the Odyssey; As You Like It; To a Skylark; The Newcomes; A Tale of Two Cities; Dickens’s Tale of

Two Cities。

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第五章 单词和表达式通常错误的用法

(这儿列出的许多单词和表达式并不如英语风格版不堪,只是平常粗心的写作导致的。因为是根据特点所描述的,而合适的修改方法并不是用其他的词语来代替一个单词或者一系列单词,而是普遍采用的用精确的论述代替模糊的理论) All right. 在熟悉的话语中常用的短语,就意义而言,是一个分离的短语。“Agreed,” 或者 “Go ahead.\"其他的用法最好也要避免,通常由两个单词组成.

As good or better than。 这种类型的表达式应该通过重排句子来修改。

My opinion is as good or My opinion is as good as better than his。

his, or better (if not better)。

As to whether. Whether足够了,请看规则13。

Bid. 不要使用带to的不定式,过去时是bade。 Case。 牛津简明字典首先定义了这个单词:“instance of a thing’s occurring; usual state of affairs。\"就这两个意思而言,这个单词通常是不需要的。

In many cases, the rooms were poorly ventilated.

Many of the rooms were poorly ventilated。

It has rarely been the Few mistakes have been case that any mistake made. has been made。

See Wood, Suggestions to Authors, pp. 68-71, and Quiller—Couch, The Art of Writing, pp. 103-106。 Certainly。 被一些讲话者任意使用,正如被其他人所使用一样,为了加强一切陈述。这种习惯在讲话中不好,在写作中更糟糕。

Character. 通常是多余的,仅仅来源于多嘴的习惯。

Acts of a hostile character Hostile acts

Claim, vb. 加上宾语名词意思是要求。如果这样的意思很明显,可能会和从属的子句一块使用:“He claimed that he was the sole surviving heir。”(尽管是在这儿,“claimed to be”会更好)不要用作这些词的替代品:declare, maintain, or charge。

Compare. compare to是指出或者暗示在本质上不同阶层物体的相似性.compare with主要是指出在本质上属于同一阶层的物体的不同之处.这样:life has been compared to a pilgrimage, to a drama, to a battle; Congress may be compared with the British Parliament。 Paris has been compared to ancient Athens; it may be compared with modern London。

Clever. 这个单词在已经被严重过度使用。它最好限制在显示细微事物的精巧这个意思范围内。

Consider. 它并不遵循它的意思是“believe to be.\" “I consider him thoroughly competent。”比较于“The lecturer considered Cromwell first as soldier and second as administrator,\"在这儿“consider”

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意思是 “examined” 或者“discussed。”

Dependable. reliable, trustworthy一个必要的替代品。

Due to. through, because of, 或者owing to,不正确的使用状语短语: “He lost the first game, due to carelessness。”正确的用法是作为谓语或者修饰语与一个特别的名词一起“This invention is due to Edison;” “lossesdue to preventable fires.\"

Effect. 作为名词,意思是result;作为动词,意思是bring about,accomplish(不要和affect混淆,它的意思是“to influence”)

作为名词,它经常稀松的用在马马虎虎的关于时尚,音乐,绘画以及其他艺术作品中: “an Oriental effect;” “effects in pale green;” “very delicate effects;” “broad effects;” “subtle effects;” “a charming effect was produced by。”有清楚表达意愿的作者是不会求助于这样模糊不清的意思的。

Etc. 不要用来列举人,它等价于and the rest, and so forth,因此,不要再他们中的一个不能满足要求事使用它,也就是说,如果读者被遗弃因为怀疑任何重要的细节,最小开放的缺点,当它呈现的是一系列词语的最后一部分意味着全部或者无形的词语在最后被引用。

放在由such as, for example或者任何相似的表达式引起的一系列词语的最后是不正确的。

Fact. 仅仅是在具有直接确定能力的事物上使用这个词,不要在需要判断的事物上去使用。一件特别事发生在一个约定的日期,在特定的温度下就会融化,这是事实。但是这样拿破仑是最伟大的现代将军,或者加利福尼亚的气候很好,尽管他们可能无可争辩,却不是合适的事实。 关于the fact that,请看规则13.

Factor。 一个平庸的单词;形成部分的表达通常能够用一些更加直接,更加通俗的词语所代替。

His superior training He won the match by was the great factor in being better trained. his winning the match. Heavy artillery is becoming an

Heavy artillery is playing a larger and

increasingly important larger part in deciding factor in deciding battles.

battles.

Feature. 另外一个平庸的单词。就像factor,它的出现通常并有给句子增加任何东西。

A feature of the entertainment especially worthy of

(Better use the same number of words to tell what Miss A. sang, or

mention was the singing if the programme has

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of Miss A。 already been given, to tell something of how she sang.)

作为一个动词,在广告中的意思是offer as a special attraction,这应该避免。

Fix. 在美国白话中是arrange, prepare, mend.在写作中,它严格的文学意义是fasten, make firm or immovable等.

He is a man who。 一种多余的表达式的共同形式.请看规则13.

He is a man who is very He is very ambitious. ambitious。

Spain is a country which I have always wanted to visit。

I have always wanted to visit Spain。

However. 在nevertheless的意思中,不要放在主句或者从句句首。

The roads were almost The roads were almost impassable. However, impassable. At last, we at last succeeded in however, we succeeded reaching camp。

in reaching camp.

当however放在句首时,他的意思是whatever way 或者 to whatever extent。 However you advise him, he will probably do as he thinks best。 However discouraging the prospect, he never lost heart。

Kind of. 不要用作rather的替代(在形容词或者动词之前),或者在简体中,不要用作something like(在名词之前)它严格的文学意义是:“Amber is a kind of fossil resin;\" “I dislike that kind of notoriety。”同样适用于sort of. Less。 不要错用替代fewer。

He had less men than in He had fewer men than in the previous campaign. the previous campaign。

Less与数量相关,fewer与数字相关。“His troubles are less than mine”意思是“His troubles are not

so great as mine。\" “His troubles are fewer than mine”意思是“His troubles are not so numerous

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as mine。\"然而,正确的说,“The signers of the petition were less than a hundred”整十,整百,就像一个集合名词,less被认为的意思是a less quantity or amount..

Line, along these lines. Line取course of procedure, conduct, thought的意思是允许的,但是已经被过度使用,特别是在along these lines短语中,旨在freshness 或者 originality意思的作者很好的完全抛弃了它.

Mr。 B。 also spoke Mr. B。 also spoke, to

along the same lines。 the same effect. He is studying along the line of French literature。

He is studying French literature。

Literal, literally。 经常出现的错误的用法是为了支撑夸张或者强烈的比喻的用法.

A literal flood of abuse

Literally dead with fatigue

A flood of abuse

Almost dead with fatigue (dead tired)

Lose out。 相对于lose,更多的是强调的意思,但实际上却很少如此,因为他们的共性.这同样适用于try out,

win out, sign up, register up.许多动词加上out和up合并成惯用的组合:find out, run out,turn out, cheer up, dry up, make up,以及其他,从意义上来说,每个都有别于简单的动词。Lose out却不能。 Most. 不要用作almost。

Most everybody Almost everybody

Most all the time Almost all the time

Nature. 通常都是多余的,就像character。

Acts of a hostile nature Hostile acts

经常含糊地用作这样的表达中,例如:“a lover of nature;” “poems about nature。”如果没有更多的解释跟在后面,读者是不能够知道这首诗是关于自然风光,田园生活,日落夕阳,茫茫大漠,或者松鼠的习惯。

Near by。 状语短语,也并不被优秀的英语所接受,尽管相比于close by和hard by去证明它。Near, 或者near at hand是不错的,如果没有更好的。 不要用作形容词;使用neighboring.

Oftentimes, ofttimes。 古体的形式,不再很好的使用,现代的用法是often。

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One hundred and one. 保持the以及相似的表达,与从古英语时代沿袭而来的英语散文不变的用法保持一致。 One of the most。 短文或者段落的开头应避免这样的公式化,例如:“One of the most interesting

developments of modern science is, etc.;” “Switzerland is one of the most interesting countries of Europe.”在这里并没有错误的地方,它仅仅是乏味和外强中干。

People. The people是带有政治色彩的,不要与the public混淆。从the people 可以联系到政治上的支持与反对,从the public可以联系到艺术的鉴赏或者商业的赞助。

单词people不要和数字一起使用,来代替persons,If of “six people” five went away, how many “people” would be left?

Phase。意思是过渡或者发展到一定阶段,“the phases of the moon;” “the last phase.”不要用作aspect 或者topic。

Another phase of the subject Another point (another question)

Possess。 不要仅仅用作have或者own的替代品。

He possessed great courage.

He was the fortunate possessor of

He had great courage (was very brave)。 He owned

Respective, respectively。 这些词语可能和优点被省略。

Works of fiction are Works of fiction are

listed under the names listed under the names of their respective authors。

The one mile and two

The one mile and two of their authors.

mile runs were won by mile runs were won by Jones and Cummings respectively。

Jones and by Cummings。

在一些正式写作中,作为几何学的证明,可能需要使用respectively,但是不应该出现在普通的写作主题中。

So。在写作中避免使用so增加程度: “so good;” “so warm;\" “so delightful.\" So用作引起从句,请看规则4. Sort of。 请看kind of。 State。 不要仅仅用作say, remark的替代品,它的严格意义是express fully or clearly,例如“He refused

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to state his objections。\"

Student body. 一个不必要而且笨拙的表达,在意义上并不比简单单词students好多少.

A member of the student body Popular with the student body The student body

A student

Liked by the students

The students passed

passed resolutions. resolutions.

System。 没有必要频繁使用。

Dayton has adopted Dayton has adopted the commission system of government.

The dormitory system Dormitories

government by commission。

Thanking you in advance. 这听起来就好像作者的意思是:“It will not be worth my while to write to

you again.\"简单写成“Thanking you,”如果你所要求的赞同的话是被允许的,就写一些恭维的话。

They。 一个共同的错误之处是复数代词的使用,当先行表达是一个分布的表达时,例如:each, each one, everybody, every one, many a man,这些虽然在意思上指的不止一个人,但仍要求代词使用单数。与之相似,但却缺乏认知,复数代词的先行词是anybody, any one, somebody, some one,它们要避免笨拙的“he or she,\"或者也要避免用oneself与每一个相联系。一些腼腆的讲话者甚至会说“A friend of mine told me that they, etc。”上述的词语都用he,除非先行词或者必须是女性。

Very. 少量地使用这个词,在需要加强语气的地方,则强有力的使用那个需要加强语气的词的本身. Viewpoint. 写作point of view,正如许多人一样,不要错用这个词,将其用作view 或者 opinion While. 避免如and, but, 以及 although这些词一样无差别的使用,许多作者频繁地将其用作and, 或者but的替代品,仅仅是因为想要变化连接词,或者因为不确定的两个连接词更加合适,在这个应用中,最好用分号代替.

正如这个段落展示的那样,这是完全正确的。

The office and The office and

salesrooms are on the salesrooms are on the

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ground floor, while the rest of the

ground floor; the rest of the building is

building is devoted to devoted to manufacturing。

manufacturing.

在句子中,它作为although的等价物来使用是可以的,而且不会造成含糊不清和荒谬.

While I admire his energy, I wish it were employed in a better cause。

I admire his energy; at the same time I wish it were employed in a better cause. 比较于:

While the temperature Although the reaches 90 or 95

temperature reaches 90

degrees in the daytime, or 95 degrees in the the nights are often chilly.

daytime, the nights are often chilly.

这段解释

The temperature reaches 90 or 95 degrees in the daytime; at the same time the nights are often chilly,

说明为什么这样使用while是不正确的。

通常,作者只有使用while严格的文学意义才会用得很好,而此时它的意思是during the time that Whom。 通常在he said或者相似的表达之前错误地用作who,这时它真的是后面动词的主语。

His brother, whom he His brother, who he

said would send him the said would send him the money

money

The man whom he thought The man who (that) he was his friend

thought was his friend (whom he thought his friend)

Worth while. 过度地作为认可以及和not一起不认可的意思使用,严格意义上可用的只是在这样的情节中:“Is it worth while to telegraph?”

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His books are not worth His books are not worth while。

reading (not worth one's while to read; do not repay reading)。

在名词前使用worth while(“a worth while story”)是不允许的. Would。 第一人称条件句中要求使用should, not would.

与其等价的shall在间接引用句中,在动词过去时之后,应该是should而不是would。 He predicted that before long we should have a great surprise。

为了表示经常或者重复的动作,一般过去时不用would,是可以满足的。由于其简洁,更加突出重点.

Once a year he would Once a year he visited

visit the old mansion. the old mansion.

第六章经常拼错的词语

Privilege(n。特权;

Accidentally(adv.Formerly(adv。以前;

优待;基本权利Vt.

意外地;偶然地)

原来)

给与特权;特免)

Humorous(adj)诙谐Pursue(vt。继续;

Advice(n.建议;忠

的;幽默的;滑稽的;从事;追赶;纠缠

告;劝告;通知)

可笑的)

Affect(n。情感;引起感情的因素

Hypocrisy(n.虚伪;Repetition(n。重

vt。影响;感染;感

伪善)

动;假装vi.倾向;喜欢)

Beginning(n.开始;Immediately(conj.Rhyme(n。韵律;韵

复;背诵;副本) vi.追赶;继续进行)

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起点v.开始;创建) 一就adv。立即,立脚;韵文;押韵词

刻;直接地)

vt。使押韵;用韵诗表达;把写作诗vi.押韵;作押韵诗)

Believe(vt.相信;Incidentally(adv。

Rhythm(n.节奏;韵

认为;信任vi.信

顺便;偶然地;附带

律)

任;料想;笃信宗教) 地) Benefit(n.利益,

Latter(adj.后者的;

好处;救济金vt.有

近来的;后面的;较

益于,对有益vi。

后的)

受益,得益)

Led(动词lead的过

Challenge(n。挑战,

去式和过去分词

邀请比赛,盘问,质

abbr.发光二极管

疑v.向 .。. 挑战,

(=light emitting

盘问,质疑)

diode))

Lose(vt。丢失,失

Criticize(v.批评,

败,削减,丧生,看不

挑剔,评论,非难,吹

到,亏损,迷失vi.失取,利用,没收)

毛求疵)

败,经受损失,走慢)

Deceive(vt.欺骗vi。行骗)

Marriage(n.结婚,婚姻,紧密结合)

Separate(adj。分开的,不同的,单独Seize(v.抓住,夺亵渎神圣的) Sacrilegious(adj。可笑的;荒谬的) Ridiculous(adj.

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的,各自的v。分开,隔开,区分,分居,脱离n.分开,抽印本)

Definite(adj。明Mischief(n.淘气,Shepherd(n.牧羊确的,一定的,有把握的)

Describe(vt。描述,说成,形容,画(尤指几何图形))

Despise(vt。轻视)Develop(v.发展,

发育,开发,冲洗(照片))

Disappoint(v.使失望,使破灭)

恶作剧,捣蛋鬼,损害,伤害)

Murmur(v.低语,发出

连续轻柔的声音,低

声抱怨n.低语,连续

轻柔的声音,低声的抱怨,[医]心区杂音)Necessary(adj。必

要的,必然的n。必需

品)

Occurred(adj.发生

的动词occur的过去

式和过去分词。) Parallel(adj。平行

的,相同的,类似的,并联的n。对比,平行线(面),双杠,相似物

者,牧师,指导者v.牧羊,照看,引领)

Siege(n.包围,围

攻)

Similar(adj.类似

的)

Simile(n.直喻,明

喻)

Too(adv。也,太,而且,很) (完整word)The Elements of Style中文版

vt.相比,相应,与 。.. 平行)

Duel(n。决斗,斗争Philip(n.菲利普(男Tragedy(n。悲剧,v.决斗,斗争)

子名))

灾难,惨事) Ecstasy(n.摇头丸)Effect(n.效应,结果,影响,印象,效

果,要旨v.使产生,引起)

Existence(n.存在,生存)

Fiery(adj。火的,炽热的,激烈的,暴Playwright(n。剧作

家)

Preceding(adj.在前的,在先的) Prejudice(n。偏见,

伤害vt.伤害,

使 。.. 存偏见,使

偏袒)

Principal(adj.主要

的,首要的n。本金,

Tries(v.试验,尝试,设法,努力,审

判,考验n.尝试,

试验,(橄榄球)持球触地得分)

Undoubtedly(adv。

无疑地)

Until(prep.直到 ..。 的时候,

在。.。以前conj.

直到 。。。 时候

才 。。.,在。。.

之前,直到。。.的程度)

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躁的,辛辣的) 资本,校长,主角,委托人,主犯)

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