地理空间信息
GEOSPATIAL
INFORMATION
Feb.,2011Vol.9,No.1
基于遥感与GIS的城镇用地扩展研究
戴梁,刘明超
(华东师范大学资源与环境科学学院地理学系,上海200062)
摘
要:利用1990年土地详查变更调查数据和2006年的SPOT遥感影像,借助GIS空间分析能力,通过计算土地利用类
型动态度、转移矩阵、扩展强度指数分析了慈溪市的城镇用地利用变化的时空特征。研究结果表明:1)慈溪市城市、建制镇、交通运输用地扩展的大部分来源于耕地;2)浒山街道城镇、交通建设用地扩展强度指数大于其他镇;3)建设用地扩展以城区周边的街道镇为主。
关键词:遥感;地理信息系统;城镇用地;扩展分析;慈溪市中图分类号:P208
文献标志码:B
文章编号:1672-4623(2011)01-0112-02
土地利用/覆盖变化研究是推动全球变化综合研究的前沿和热点领域
[1-2]
配准预处理后,在ArcGIS9.2里进行人机交互解译,最后得到2006年土地利用矢量数据(Geodatabase格式),土地利用分类参考国土资源部过渡分类标准分为:耕地、园地、林地、城市用地、建制镇用地、农村居民点、交通运输用地、未利用地、其他土地。1990年土地利用数据采用土地详查变更调查数据,其他辅助数据有慈溪市1∶100000地形图、2006年慈溪市行政区划图,采用的主要分析软件有ArcGIS9.2、ENVI4.4和Excel。
。随着城市化进程不断加快,城
市所在的区域土地利用变化更是迅速。城镇是区域经济发展的核心与载体,城镇用地的空间扩展日益成为现在乃至将来的土地利用变化的主要特征。新城镇和经济开发区的建设、交通网络设施的建设等造成优质耕地资源锐减[3]。本文拟在这些研究的基础上,借助GIS空间分析技术对慈溪市城镇用地扩展进行分析研究,对解决维护该地区粮食安全和推进城市化进程之间、保护耕地总量动态平衡与生态环境建设之间的矛盾具有重要现实意义。
2研究的实施步骤
1研究区域与研究方法
1.1研究区域概况
慈溪市地处浙东杭州湾南岸,位于北纬30°02′~30°24'和东经121°02′~121°42'之间。市境总面积1154km2(不含海域,未计入1954年后新成陆土地)。下辖3个街道、17个镇,2006年底总人口101万人。全境地势南高北低,呈丘陵、平原、滩涂三级台阶状朝杭州湾展开。海岸线北凸成弧形,并继续向北推移,土地资源在不断增加中。1.2数据与处理
本文采用了2006年的SPOT遥感影像,经过几何
2.1慈溪市城市用地变化的幅度与速度
本文通过引入单一土地利用类型动态度来定量地描述慈溪市土地利用的变化速度[4]。
(1)
式中,K为研究时段内某一土地利用类型动态度;Ua,Ub分别为研究期初及研究期末某一种土地利用类型的数量;T为研究时段长,当T的时段设定为年时,K的值就是研究区某种土地利用类型年变化率。单一土地利用类型动态度表达的是某研究区一定时间范围内某种土地利用类型的数量变化情况。利用2002-2007年慈溪市土地利用面积数据经计算得到以下数据(见表1)。
表12002-2004年、2005-2007年慈溪市土地利用动态度表
农用地
K02-04K05-07
-0.83-0.58
耕地0.020.08
园地-2.74-5.09
建设用地4.267.31
居民点工矿
4.767.98
城市用地8.183.40
建制镇用地农村居民点
2.293.79
0.832.25
公路用地9.0015.92
未利用地-0.58-2.79
注:2002-2007年慈溪市土地利用面积数据来源宁波市国土资源局
收稿日期:2009-05-31
第9卷第1期2002-2007年慈溪市土地利用面积的变化,表现为城市用地、建制镇用地、公路用地面积不断扩大与耕地、园地、未利用地面积的下降并存。2.2土地利用类型转移分析
对于土地利用类型之间的相互转化情况,可采用转移矩阵模型来进一步描述[5-6]。利用ArcGIS9.2/SpatialAnalystTool/Zonal/TabulateArea,计算出1990~2006年的土地利用变化原始转移矩阵。
从转移矩阵得出,耕地转移成建设用地的数量最多,2006年慈溪市城市用地、建制镇用地、交通运输用地面积中由1990年耕地转变的比例分别为55.48%、49.88%、73.91%,面积相加为5455hm2,占1990年耕地面积的9.9%。
2.3慈溪市城镇用地空间变化分析
通过ArcGIS软件统计出各镇的建设用地数量,并利用其生成专题图可以反映出城镇用地变化中存在着明显的空间差异[7]。本文利用土地利用类型的相对变化率来反映土地利用变化的区域差异;利用城镇建设用地扩展强度指数表征城镇用地扩展的差异[8],其计算公式为
(2)(3)
上述各式中,R为某镇单一土地利用类型相对变化率,ka、kb为某镇某一特定土地利用类型研究期初及研究期末的面积;Ca、Cb为全研究区某一特定土地利用类型研究期初及研究期末的面积;Ei为i镇单一土地利用类型扩展强度指数,Ui为i镇前一基年至后一基年某类土地利用扩展面积,Ai为i镇土地总面积,
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