比较级
形容词与副词比较等级的构成方法
1. 单音节和部分双音节形容词或副词通常加后缀–er和–est构成比较级和最高级。此时,还需注意:若原级以字母e结尾,则只加-r和-st;若原级以―辅音字母+y‖结尾,则应将y改为i,再加-er和-est构成比较级和最高级;若原级为重读闭音节结尾,且末尾只有一个辅音字母,则双写这个辅音字母后再加词尾-er和-est构成比较级和最高级。如:
long→longer→longest busy→busier→busiest
large→larger→largest big→bigger→biggest
2. 多音节和部分双音节形容词在其前加more和most构成比较级和最高级。如: useful→more useful→most useful difficult→more difficult→most difficult
常见的不规则形容词与副词的比较等级变化:good→better→best;well→better→best;bad→worse→worst;badly→worse→worst;il→worse→worst;much→more→most;many→more→most;little→less→least;far→farther / further→farthest / furthest;等。
注:less和least也用来构成比较级或最高级,表示“较不„”和“最不„”:careful→less careful→least careful
形容词与副词的比较等级用法注意
1. 比较级的基本用法
英语中的形容词和副词有三个等级,即原级、比较级和高最级。比较级主要用于两者比较,最高级主要用于多者比较。注意
2. 不能使用双重比较等级
即构成比较级时不能既加词尾-er,又在其前加more;构成最高级时不能既在词尾加-est,又在其前加most,如不能说more better, most earliest 等。不过“比较级+and+比较级‖这样的形式却完全可用。如:
I am getting fatter and fatter. 我越来越胖了。
We’re going more and more slowly. 我们越走越慢了。 3. 使用比较等级要注意合乎逻辑
请看两组正误句: 我的电脑比她的贵。
误:My computer is more expensive than her 正:My computer is more expensive than hers.
析:从逻辑上说,应该是my computer 与 her computer 作比较,而不是my computer 与her 比较。上面正句中的hers=her computer。
上海人口比中国其他城市的人口要多。
误:The population of Shanghai is larger than that of any city in China. 正:The population of Shanghai is larger than that of any other city in China. 析:从逻辑上说,Shanghai在China范围内,或者说Shanghai也是China范围内的一个城市,若不用other,则句意为“上海的人口比中国任何城市的人口都多”,
4. 比较级和最高级的常见修饰语
比较级的修饰语:常见的有far, even, still, a lot, lots, a great deal, a bit, rather, three times, any, no, very much 等。如:
Japanese is much [far] more difficult than English. 日语比英语难多了。 She felt a great deal more comfortable now. 她现在感觉舒服多了。
He works hard, but she works still harder [harder still]. 他工作很努力,但她工作更努力。
最高级的修饰语:常见的有(by) far, much, nearly, almost, not quite, by no means, very, second, next 等。如:
His illness is far more serious than we thought. 他的病比我们想像的要严重得多。 China’s population is by far the largest of any country. 中国是全世界人口最多的国家。
I want to give my children the very best education I can afford. 我想给我孩子力所能及的最良好的教育。
The Yellow River is the second longest river in China. 黄河是中国第二长河流。
注:very不能修饰比较级,却可修饰最高级,但它与一般的修饰最高的副词有所不同,即它要放在最高级前定冠词之后,而不是之前(另外,second, third, next等也要入在定冠词之后)。
no more than的用法及其他
这类习语比较多,而且形式相似,若不真正弄懂其本质,很容易弄混。关于这些习语,最关键的要弄清两个习语的用法,就是not more than和no more than,前者属于more than的否定式,more than意为“多于”,所以not more than的意思就是“不多于”“不超过”;no more than主要强调more的反面,即强调数量之少或程度之低,如说no more than 10 days,其意为“只有10天”,在说话者心目中,10 days是一个较低的数字,有类似“跟10天一样少”之意;又如He gave no more than five dollars,其意为“他只给我5美元”,在说话者心目中,five dollars是一笔很少的钱,有类似“跟5美元一样少”之意。类似地,我们说no richer than,则强调的是richer的反面,其意为“跟„„一样穷”,若说no faster than,则强调faster的反面,其意为“跟„„一样慢”。因为同样的道理,我们可以推知,no less than强调的是less的反面,即强调多,强调数量之多或程度之大,如说no less than 10 days,意为“多达10天”,在说话者心目中,10 days是一个较大的数字。比较
He earned no more than 800 dollars a month. 他一个月只挣800美元。(在说话者看来,800 dollars是一笔较少的数,他这样说带有轻视的意味)
He earned no less than 800 dollars a month. 他一个月就挣800美元。(在说话者看来,800 dollars是很大一笔数,他这样说带有羡慕的意味)
做好比较级考题的三种思路
一、根据句中的关键词答题
1. The new group of students is better-behaved than the other group who stayed here ______.
A. early
B. earlier
C. earliest
D. the earliest
【解析】答案选B。做此题的关键词是new,即把―新来的学生‖与―早些时候呆在这儿的学生‖进行比较。全句意为:新来的这群学生比早些时候呆在这儿的那些学生表现得更好些。
2. —Do you need any help, Lucy?
—Yes, the job is ______ I could do myself. A. less than
B. more than
C. no more than
D. not more than
【解析】答案选B。做此题要抓的关键词是yes,由于答话者对问话者的“你需要帮助吗?”作了肯定回答,说明答话者独自完成工作有困难,故填more than。
3. Of the two coats, I’d choose the ______ one to spare some money for a book. A. cheapest
B. cheaper
C. more expensive
D. most expensive
【解析】答案选B。关键词是句中的two,因是两者比较,故用比较级,可将答案锁定在B和C之间;再根据句意,排除C。
4. It is reported that the United States uses _________ energy as the whole of Europe.
A. as twice
B. twice much
C. twice much as
D. twice as much
【解析】答案选D。由energy后的as可知,此题是考查as…as…结构。根据英语语法习惯,修饰as…as…结构的副词只能置于as…as…结构之前,不能置于其中。又如:She went out with a man twice as old as her. 她和一个年龄比她大一倍的男子来往。It cost three times as much as I had expected. 它花的钱比我预期的多两倍。
5. He speaks English indeed, but of course not _________a native speaker.
A. as fluent as than
【解析】答案选C。因为修饰动词speaks要用副词,排除A和B;又因为than只能用于比较级后而不能位于原级后,排除D。句意是:他的英语讲得的确不错,不过,当然不如英语本族人讲得流利。
二、通过分析的隐含意思答题
1. There is an old proverb, ―Love me, love my dog. ‖ But there is ______ wisdom in this: ―Love me, love my book.‖
A. some
B. much
C. more
D. most
B. more fluent than
C. so fluently as
D. much fluently
【解析】答案选C。这道题出得非常巧妙,句中既没有显示比较级的关键词,也没有暗示用比较级的than。而是将―Love me, love my dog‖与―Love me, love my book‖两句进行比较,要求考生根据这两句话的内容确定哪句话更有wisdom。
2. With April 18’s railway speedup, highway and air transport will have to compete with ______ service for passengers.
A. good
B. better
C. best
D. the best
【解析】答案选B。句子大意为:由于铁路提速了,所以高速公路和航空业要提高服务质量来竞争客源。因将―高速公路和航空‖与―铁路‖比较,故用比较级。
3. The melon the Smiths served at dinner would have tasted ______ if it had been put in the fridge for a little while.
A. good
B. better
C. best
D. well
【解析】B。题目中将―放入冰箱中冷冻‖与―不放入冰箱中冷冻‖作比较,故用比较级。句意为:史密斯家人晚餐时上的甜瓜若能放入冰箱中冷冻一下味道会更好些。
4. Speaking of all the songs he has written, I think this is probably his ______ one. A. better-known
B. well-known
C. best-known
D. most-known
【解析】C。因为是从他所写的所有歌中选出一首来比较,故用最高级。 三、根据相关的修饰关系答题
1. After two years’ research, we now have a ______ better understanding of the disease.
A. very
B. far
C. fairly
D. quite
【解析】B。这四个副词中,通常只有far可用于修饰比较。注:quite有时也可用于修饰比较better,但它只用于表示―身体康复‖,不用于其他意义。
2. Work gets done ______ when people do it together, and the rewards are higher too.
A. easily
B. very easy
C. more easily
D. easier
【解析】C。根据题意可知,说话者是将 when people do it together 和 when people don’t do it together 这两种情况比较,故选比较级。注意不要选 D,因为在此题是要用副词修饰动词,不能用形容词。另外,根据句末的 higher too 也可知道此题是考查比较级。
more than 用法归纳
(1) 多于(其通常后接数词,也可接其他词)。如:
I’ve known him for more than twenty years. 我已认识他 20多年了。 Mary bas been ill for more than a week. 玛丽已病了一个多星期了。 He spends more than he earns. 他花的比挣的多。
He paid more than the usual rate. 他比通常的价格付得多。
It was more than flesh and blood could bear. 这是血肉之躯无法忍受的。
The accounts show we have spent more than we received. 账目显示我们支出大于收入。
The series has attracted an audience of more than 10 million. 这个系列片吸引了1 000多万观众收看。
(2) 不只是,不仅仅是(通常后接名词、动词、从句等)。如:
He is more than a father to her. 他待她胜过父亲。
He more than smiled, but laughed. 他不只是微笑,而是放声大笑。 The result was much more than I imagined. 结果远远超过我的想像。
Her work involved more than administration of first aid to the wounded. 她的工作不仅仅是对伤者的急救。
(3) 极其,非常(通常后接形容词、副词或分词等)。如:
She was more than kind to us. 她对我们很友好。
He was more than upset by the accident. 这个意外事故使他非常心烦意乱。 (4) 难以,完全不能(其后通常连用情态动词 can)。如:
That is more than I can tell(=I can’t tell that). 那事我实在不明白。 注:与动词 like, love 等连用,还可表示”更“”更加“。如: I like tennis more than I like football. 与足球相比,我更喜欢网球。
more...than用法归纳
1. 表示―比……多‖,―比……更‖。如:
It was more expensive than I thought. 这比我预料的昂贵多了。
Tim violin is more difficult than the piano. 拉小提琴比弹钢琴更为困难。 John drove much more carefully than Tim did. 约翰开车比吉姆小心得多。
注:more有时不用于构成比较级,而是本身就是比较级,此时其后可能接可数或不可数名词。如:
His car cost much more money than mine. 他的小汽车所花的钱比我的多得多。 There are many more people than we expected. 比我们想象的人要多得多。 2. 表示―与其……不如‖。如:
He is more lucky than clever. 与其说他聪明,不如说他幸运。
It is even more a poem than a picture. 与其说它是一幅画,倒不如说它是一首诗。 注:该句型主要用于同一个人或物在两个不同性质或特征等方面的比较(比较级必须 more, 不能用加词尾 -er 的形式)。
含有比较级的几个有用习语
1. more or less
其意为―几乎,差不多‖―大约,或多或少‖。如: The work is more or less finished. 工作基本上完成了。 The answers were more or less right. 回答基本上是正确的。 It’s an hour’s journey, more or less. 大约有一个钟头的路程。 2. sooner or later
其意为―迟早,早晚,总有一天‖。如:
Don’t worry—the child will come back sooner or later. 别急,这小孩迟早会回来的。 You should tell her, because she’ll find out sooner or later. 他应该告诉她,因为她迟早会发觉的。
3. what’s more
其意为―而且‖―此外‖―还有‖―更有甚者‖。如:
She says we could use her car, and what’s more, she’ll pay for the petrol. 她说我们可以用她的车,而且她还愿付汽油费。
He came home after midnight, and what’smore, hew as drunk. 他半夜过后才回家,而且喝醉了。
4. no sooner…than… 其意为―一…就…‖。如:
We had no sooner set out than a thunderstorm broke. 我们刚出发就遇到了大雷雨。 No sooner had he gone to sleep than the telephone rang once again. 他刚睡着电话铃又响了。
几个值得注意的比较级句式
一、the+比较级, the+比较级
此句型表示后者随着前者的变化而变化,意为―越……就越……‖,前者相当于一个条件句,因此,要用一般现在时代替一般将来时。如:
The better I knew him, the more I liked him. 我越了解他就越喜欢他。
The more difficult the questions are, the less likely I’ll be able to answer them. 题目越难我越答不出。
二、the+比较级+of the two
表示“两者中较„的那个人或物”时,在比较级前加定冠词the。如: He is the taller of the two. 他是两人中较高的那个。
She was the more promising worker of the two. 她是两人之中更有培养前途的工人。 三、比较级+and+比较级
此句型表示“越来越„”,单音节形容词或副词用“-er+and +-er‖,如: Things are getting better and better every day. 情况一天天好起来。 It’s becoming more and more difficult to find a job. 找工作越来越困难了。 Holiday nights are getting less and less expensive. 假日机票越来越便宜了。
数词的分类及用法简介
英语中用来表示事物的数量或顺序的词叫做数词。根据数词的特征,可将数词分为基数词和序数词;根据数字是否为整数,有可将它分为整数、分数和小数;根据数字所表示的数是否确定,有可分为定数和概数。数词在句中可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语、同位语、状语等。如:
It’s said that 13 is an unlucky number. 据说13是一个不吉利的数字。 He was the first man to think of it. 他是第一个想到这一点的人。 The town is 2,000 feet above sea level. 这座城市海拔2,000 英尺。 Who is that man, the first in the front row? 前排第一个是准?
Mrs. Brown was about to begin, but Jennie spoke first. 布朗夫人正要开始讲话,珍妮先讲了。
I want the third, because the first two look a bit small. 我想要第三个,因为前面两个看上去小了点。
用英语表示倍数的方法
表示倍数时通常借助half, double, twice, three times等之类的词: Half (of) the apples are bad. 一半苹果是坏的。
His homework is not yet half done. 他的作业还没完成一半。 He eats twice what I eat. 他的食量是我的两倍。 比较以下三句,虽然表达形式不同,但含义相同:
(1) This rope is three times as long as that one. 这根绳子是那根的三倍长。 (2) This rope is three times longer than that one. 这根绳子是那根的三倍长。 (3) This rope is three times the length of that one. 这根绳子是那根的三倍长。
用英语表示分数的方法
分数由基数词和序数词构成——分子用基数词,分母用序数词,分子超过“1‖时,分母用复数:
a [one] sixth = 1/6 two thirds = 2/3 three fifths = 3/5 几点注意:
(1) 1/2 通常读作 a [one] half,一般不读作a second。 (2) 1/4 可读作 a [one] fourth,也可读作 a [one] quarter。
(3) 分子超过“1”分母之所以用复数可以这样理解:“三分之二”即两个(two)三分之一(third),既然是两个“三分之一”,那“三分之一”当然要用复数,即用thirds。
(4) 在数学上,为了简洁起见,分子和分母均可用基数词,其间用介词over:3/4 读作three in four, three out of four, three over four(对于比较复杂的分数通常采用此读法)
序数词前使用冠词应注意的两点
第一点:序数词前通常要用定冠词
It’s the third time I’ve been here. 这是我第三次来这儿。 The second is better than the first. 第二个比第一个好。 【注意】
① 表示考试或比赛等的名次时,通常省略定冠词: She was (the) third in the exam. 她考试得了第三名。 ②序数词用作副词时也通常不用冠词: He came first. 他先来。
I’ll have to finish my homework first. 我得先把作业做完。
③有些习语中的序数词前没有冠词: at first 开始 at first sight 乍看起来 first of all 首先
④ 但若序数词前用了物主代词或名词所有格,则不能再用定冠词: his second wife 他的第二个妻子 Tom’s third book 汤姆的第三本书 第二点:序数词前有时可用不定冠词,表示次第在原有基础上的增加: A second student stood up. 又一个(第二个)学生站了起来。 I want to read the book a third time. 这本书我想读第三次。
序数词前用定冠词和不定冠词的区别在于:定冠词表特指,不定冠词表泛指,有类似another的意思,但比another 的意思更明确。比较:
I like the third girl. 我喜欢第三个女孩。(至少有三个女孩供选择,特指) I saw a third girl. 我又看见了第三个女孩。(暗示原来已看见两个,这已是第三个)
用英语表示日期的方法
■日期的表示法英语和美国稍有不同,英国通常表示为“日—月—年”,美国通常表示为“月—日—年”。如“10月10日”可表示为 October 10, 1985(美)或10(th) October, 1985(英)。
注意:最好避免把整个日期都写成数字, 这在英美语中表示的含义并不相同:如“2. 7. 97”、“2-7-97”、“2/7/97”这类表达,在美国英语中表示“1997年2月7日”,而在英国英语中则表示“1997年7月2日”。
■英语中“年”的读法:四位数以下的年份,按基数词的读法读,如“(公元)689年”直接读成 six hundred and eighty-nine;满四位数年份,一般是两位两位地读,即读作“几十几,几十几”,如“1986年”通常读作 nineteen eighty-six。
■注意:若是整数百的年份,通常读作“the year—几十几—hundred。如“1900年”读作 the year nineteen hundred;若是整数千的年份,通常读作“the year —几千”,如“2000年”读作 the year two thousand。类似地,“2005年”可读作 two thousand and five。
长度等的表示方法
要表示长度、宽度、高度、深度等,可用“基数词 + 单位词 + 形容词”结构。如: We need a rope about 10 meters long. 我们需要一根约10米长的绳子。
The well is about 30 meters deep. 这口井约30米深。
有时也可用“基数词 + 单位词 +in + 长度或重量的名词”表示长度、宽度、高度、深度等。如:
He is six feet in height. 他身高六英尺。
The fish is two feet in length. 这条鱼有两英尺长。
注意:表示重量时,可用 in weight 结构,但heavy结构,如要表示“这个箱子重10公斤”,可说The box is 10 kilos 或The box is 10 kilos in weight,但习惯上不说 The box is 10 kilos heavy。
有关 dozen 与 score 的用法说明
一、基本用法
dozen, score 的用法与 hundred, thousand 等的用法相似。前面有基数词时,只能用单数作定语;若表示“几十”“许多”时,用复数加of。如:
I bought a dozen eggs and every one of them was bad. 我买了一打鸡蛋,每个都是坏的。
I said it was a secret but she’s told dozens of people. 我说那是一个秘密,可她告诉了好几十个人。
They received scores of letters about their TV programmes. 关于他们的电视节目,他们收到了大批来信。
二、接of的问题
上面提到,表示泛指意义的“许多”时,它们不仅要用复数,而且要接介词 of,方可后接名词。但表示具体数量时,它们后面该不该加介词 of 呢?原则是这样的:dozen 后不加,但 score 后可以加也可不加。如:
We need to borrow two dozen coffee cups for the party. 我们必须去借2打咖啡杯,以备宴会之用。
The Tuscan coastline has a score (of) popular resorts. 托斯卡纳海岸线上有20个旅游胜地。
但是,当这些词后面的名词有了the, these, those 等特指限定词修饰时,或其后的接的是us, them 这样的人称代词时,则此时必须用介词 of。如:
I want three dozen of these. 这我要三打。
hundred, thousand和million的用法说明
(1) 用单数的场合
当这些词与具体数字连用时,习惯上用单数,而且也不后接介词of。如: He was prepared to pay two million. 他愿意支付200万。 More than a hundred people were injured. 有一百多人受了伤。
但是,当这些词后面的名词有了the, these, those等特指限定词修饰时,或其后的接的是us, them 这样的人称代词时,则此时必须用介词 of。如:
About three hundred of them have left there. 他们当中约有300人离开了那儿。 (2) 用复数的场合
当这些词不与具体数字连用,而是表示不确定的泛指数时,则不仅要要用复数,而且要后接介词of,然后才能接名词。如:
The sun was shining. Thousands of people were lying on the beach. 阳光灿烂,数以千计的人躺在海滩上。
A careless mistake cost the company millions of pounds. 一个粗心的错误使公司蒙受数百镑的损失。
用英语表示年龄的常用方法
(1) 一般直接用基数词表示,如:
Her daughter is eighteen. 她的女儿18岁。
(2) 用“基数词 + years old”表示,有时可将years old 换成years of age。如: Her daughter is eighteen years old. / Her daughter is eighteen years of age. 她的女儿18岁。
(3) 用“at the age of +基数词”表示。如:
Her daughter got married at the age of eighteen. 她的女儿18岁就结了婚。 (4) 用“基数词-year-old”表示,此结构常做(前置)定语。如:
Her 18-year-old daughter is now in the university. 他18岁的女儿现在上大学。 (5) 用“of + 基数词”表示,此结构常做后置定语。如:
Her daughter is now a pretty girl of 18. 她女儿现在一个18岁的美少女了。 (6) 用“aged +基数词”表示,此结构常做后置定语。如:
Lying on the floor was a boy aged about seventeen. 躺在地板上的是一个约莫十七岁的男孩。
(7) 用“be in one’s +几十的复数形式”表示某人大概的年龄。如:
He went to the United States in his fifties. 他五十多岁时去了美国。
数字习语
at sixes and sevens 为习语,意为:乱七八糟,七上八下,杂乱无章,一片混乱。如: ■The boy made the room at sixes and sevens. 这男孩把房间弄得乱七八糟的。 ■I haven’t had time to arrange everything so I’m all at sixes and sevens. 我没来得及把每件事都安排好,因此心里七上八下的。
■They held a party last night and everything was at sixes and sevens when the guests left. 昨晚他们开了一个家庭聚会。当客人散尽之后,一切物品都挪了位置。
■After the captain of the team broke his leg, the other players were at sixes and sevens. 球队队长摔断了腿,其他队员陷入了一片混乱。
■The members couldn't come to an agreement. They were at sixes and sevens. 委员们不能达成一致意见,他们各持己见。
in twos and threes 三三两两地
■Applications for the job are coming in slowly in twos and threes. 申请这份工作的信件三三两两来得很慢。
one by one 一个个地
■He went through the items on a list one by one. 他逐个处理单子上的项目。 ■Students went out of the classroom one by one as soon as the bell rang. 下课铃一响,学生们一个个从教室里走出来。
数词的主要用法
一、表示日期
1949年1949读作nineteen forty-nine
6月23日June 23rd 读作June (the) twenty-third或the twenty-third of June 2006年10月October 2006 读作October, two thousand and six
1600年5月2日May 2nd, 2005 读作the second of May, sixteen hundred 二、表示钟点
半小时用half,一刻钟用a quarter,半小时以内用past,超过半小时用to。 08:00 eight o’clock或eight
09:15 nine fifteen或a quarter past/after nine 02:30 two thirty或half past/after two 05:45 five forty-five或a quarter to six 14:15 fourteen fifteen=2.15 p. m. 23:05 twenty-three oh five
24:00 twenty-four hundred hours=midnight 三、表示编号
1. 单纯的编号,可在基数词前加number,简写为No.。如No.2第二。 2. 序号与事物名词连用时分三种情况:
(A)小序号可用“the +序数词+名词”或“名词+基数词”。如第一次课可以说the First Lesson或Lesson One。
(B)大序号通常只用“名词+数词”。如808号房间Room 808;168路公共汽车Bus No.168;南京路1490号1490 Nanjing Road;电话号码83545601(用基数词逐个念,0念字母O)。
I用“a/the + number+基数词+名词”。如a No.3 bus一辆三路公共汽车,the No.3 bus那辆三路公共汽车。
四、表示倍数
1. 倍数+as +形容词/副词(原级)+ as。如:
This bridge is three times as long as that one.这座桥是那座桥的三倍长。 2. 倍数+形容词或副词的比较级+than。如:
This bridge is three times longer than that one.这座桥是那座桥的三倍长。 3. 倍数+ the size/length/weight…+of+表示比较对象的名词。如:
This bridge is three times the length of that one. 这座桥是那座桥的三倍长。 4. 倍数+what引导的从句。如:
The college is twice what it was 5 years ago.这所大学是它五年前的两倍。 五、表示约数
1. 用tens/dozens/scores/hundreds/thousands/millions of表示―几十、几百、上千、成千上万‖等。如:
The boy bought dozens of pencils.那个男孩买了几十支铅笔。 Thousands of people died in the earthquake.数以千计的人死于地震。 注意:
(A)dozen, score, hundred, thousand, million等表示确切数量时,不用复数。如five dozen of eggs五打鸡蛋, three hundred people五百个人。但score用法略有不同,与数词连用时,也加of。如two score of eggs (40个蛋)。
(B)有时单数形式的dozen, score, hundred, million等前面有数词,后面也有of,此时的of表示的是部分与整体的关系,其后一定是them, us之类的人称代词或者有the, these, your之类的限定词。如I want to buy three dozen of the eggs. (我想买其中的三打蛋)
2. 用less than, under, below, almost, nearly, up to等来表示小于或接近某数目。如nearly two hours将近两个小时。
3. 用more than, beyond, or more, over, above等来表示超过或多于某个数目。如more than 100 years一百多年。
4. 用or, or so, about, around, some, more or less等表示在某一数目左右。如about 50 pens大约五十支钢笔,a month or so大约一个月。
5. 用to, from…to…, between…and表示介于两数词。如:
His salary rose from 100 dollars a month to 120 dollars a month.他的工资从每月100美元升到了每月120美元。
六、表示分数
1. 分子用基数词,分母用序数词,当分子大于一时,分母的序数词要用复数。表示几分之几的人或物时,要用介词of。若作主语,谓语动词与of后的名词一致。如:如:one-fifth五分之一,five-sevenths七分之五。
注意:1/2读用a/one half;3又5分之2读作three and three fifths
2. 分子与分母之间加in, 分子在前,分母在后,分子分母都用基数词。如one in ten 十分之一,five in eight八分之五。
3. 分子与分母之间加out of , 分子在前,分母在后,分子分母都用基数词。如one out of ten十分之一,five out of eight八分之五。
七、表示百分数
用“基数词+percent”。若表示几分之几或百分之几十的人或物时,用加of,作主语时,谓语动词的数与of后的名词数一致。如:
Forty percent of the students wear glasses.百分之四十的学生戴眼镜。 Two-thirds of the money was spent on food.三分之二的钱都花在食物上。 注意:percent一律用单数形式. 八、表示小数
小数点前的数按总数念,同其它基数词读法一样,小数点用point,小数点后面的数按基数词一个一个单独念。如9.65读作nine point six five。218.39读作two hundred and eighteen point three nine。
九、表示年代
表示在某个世纪的几十年代,用“in the +逢十的基数词的复数”。基数词的复数若用阿拉伯数字表示,可直接加s,也可加’s。如“在20世纪80年代”是in the 1980’s或in the 1980s,读作in the nineteen eighties。
注意:不要漏掉the。 十、表示年龄
1. 表示某人几岁的确切年龄,用“基数词+years old”或“基数词+of age”或者“at the age of+基数词‖,也可直接用基数词。如:
He began to study English at (the age of) seventy. 他70岁开始学英语。 She’s seventy years old.= She’s seventy years of age.她70岁了。
2. 表示某人几十多岁这样的约略年龄,用“in one’s+逢十的基数词的复数(如tens, twenties, thirties等)‖来表达。如:
He went to America in his thirties.他30多岁时去了美国。
英语代词的用法
一、定义与分类
代词是代替名词及起名词作用的短语或句子的词。代词根据其意思和用法可分为人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、相互代词、疑问代词、连接代词、关系代词、不定代词等九类。综观历年高考情况,在这九类代词中,不定代词一直是高考英语的重点。
二、人称代词的用法
人称代词有主格和宾语之分:主格用作主语,宾语用作宾语。但在口语中,当人称代词用作表语,用于than, as 之后或用于强调句中被强调时,用主格(较正式)和宾格(较口语化)均可以。如:
―Who is it?‖ ―It’s me.‖ “是谁呀?‖―是我。‖ He sings better than me. 他比我唱得好。
注:单独使用的人称代词通常用宾格,即使它代表主语时也是如此。如: ―I like English.‖ ―Me too.‖ ―我喜欢英语。‖―我也喜欢。‖ 三、物主代词的用法
物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。形容词性物主代词在句中只用作定语;名词性物主代词则不能用作定语,但可以用作主语、宾语、表语、连用of作定语等。如:
Here is my dog. Its name is Tom. 这是我的狗,它的名字叫汤姆。 Is that coffee yours or hers? 这咖啡是你的还是她的?
注:可以说 a friend of mine (ours, yours, hers, his, theirs),但是不能说 a friend of me (us, you, her, him, them)。
有时同一个结构用不用物主代词会导致含义的变化。如: Do’t lose heart. 别灰心。
She lost her heart to Jim. 她爱上了吉姆。 四、反身代词的用法
反身代词可用作宾语、同位语、表语等。用作同位语时,主要用于加强被修饰词的语气,可紧放在被修饰名词后或句末。如:
He himself was a doctor. 他本人就是一位医生。
She is too young to look after herself. 她太小,无法照顾自己。 That poor boy was myself.那个可怜的孩子就是我自己。
注:用于 be, feel, seem, look 等后作表语表示身体或精神处于正常状态。如: I'll be myself again in no time. 我一会儿就会好的。 I’m not quite myself these days. 我近来身体不大舒服。 五、相互代词的用法
英语的相互代词只有each other和one another,它们在句中通常只用作宾语,不能用作主语或状语等。如:
Students should help one another. 学生应该互相帮助。
We had known each other for many years. 我们认识许多年了。 注:相互代词可以有所有格形式(each other’s, one another’s)。如: They often stay in one another's house. 他们常常在彼此的家里住。
另外,有人认为 each other用于两者,one another用于三者,但在现代英语中它们常可换用(即均可用于两者或三者)。
六、指示代词的用法
指示代词主要有四个,即this, that, these 和 those。它们在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。具体使用时应注意以下几点:
1. 为避免重复,可用 that 和 those 代替前面提到的名词。如:
Our grain output is now 5 times that of 1980. 我们现在的粮食产量是1980年的5倍。(that=the grain output)
2. 用来回指上文提到的事情时,可用this 或 that,但是若要指下文叙述的事情,通常要用 this。如:
I want to know this: Is she beautiful? 我想知道这一点:她美吗? 3. 在打电话时,通常用 this 指自己,用that指对方:
Hello. This is Jim. Is that John? 喂,我是吉姆,你是约翰吗?
4. 除用作代词外,this 和that 还可用作副词,用以修饰形容词或副词,意为“这么”、“那么”,相当于 so。如:
I've done only that much. 我所做的就这么多。 Is he always this busy? 他总这么忙吗? 七、疑问代词的用法
1. 疑问代词即指who, whom, whose, which, what等用于引出特殊疑问句的代词。它们在句中可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语等。如:
What did she say? 她怎么说?
Which are our seats? 哪些是我们的座位? What are you worrying about? 你为什么事烦恼?
注:who 和 whom 只用作主语、宾语和表语,不用作定语;what, which, whose 则既可用作主语、宾语和表语,也可用作定语。
2. what与 which的用法区别:当选择的范围较明确时,用 which;当选择的范围不明确时,用 what。如:
Which color do you like, red, black or white? 红色、黑色和白色,你喜欢哪种? What color is your car? 你的汽车是什么颜色的? 八、连接代词的用法
1. 连接代词主要包括who, whom, what, which, whose, whoever, whatever, whichever, whosever 等,它们在句中可用作主语、宾语、表语、定语等(但who, whom, whoever 等不用于名词前作定语),主要用于引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句等。如:
Ask him which he wants. 问他要哪一个。
The question is who can help us. 问题是谁能帮助我们。 What he says sounds reasonable. 他说的话听起来有道理。
2. 关系代词型 what 的用法。比较以下句子: I don’t know what you like. 我不知道你喜欢什么。 You can get what you like. 你想要什么就可得到什么。
第一句中的 what 表示“什么”;第二句中的 what 则具有关系代词的性质,相当于“先行词+关系代词”,表示“„所„的一切事或东西”,如上面第二句的 what就相当于 everything that。顺便说一句,这样用的 what 有时还可后接一个名词。如:
We gave him what (little) help we could. 我们给了他我们力所能及的帮助。
3. whatever, whoever与whichever的用法:它们可用于引导主语从句和宾语从句,也可用于引导让步状语从句。如:
Whoever comes will be welcome. 任何人来都欢迎。 Whatever she did was right. 她做的一切都是对的。
Whoever you are, you can't enter. 不管你是谁,都不能进去。 Whichever side wins, I shall be happy. 不管哪边赢,我都会高兴。 九、不定代词的用法
先说说什么叫不定代词。所谓“不定”,就是“不确定”“不明确”的意思,所以不定代词就是指不明确表示代替某特定名词或形容词的代词,如someone意为“某人”,something意为“某事”或“某物”,many表示“许多人”或“许多物”,a few表示“几个人”或“几个事物”,等等。
英语的不定代词很多,如some, any, all, each, both, either, neither, one, none, many, much, other, another, no, (a) few, (a) little, enough, every 等,以及由 some, any, no 和 every 构成的复合不定代词(如somebody, anyone, nothing 等)。
不定代词是英语所有代词中最重要的一类,也是英语中最常考的一类,同学们复习时应注意以下几点:
1. some 与 any。some 用于肯定句中,any 用于否定句、疑问句和条件句中。但是,在表示请求、邀请或征求意见的句子中,通常要用 some 而不用any。如:
Will you lend me some money? 可以借些钱给我吗? Why don’t you bring some flowers? 为什么不带些花来呢?
2. 指两者和三者的不定代词。有些不定代词用于指两者(如both, either, neither),有的不定代词用于指三者(如all, any, none, every),具体使用时要根据一定的上下文正确选用。如:
He is blind in both eyes. 他双目失明。
Were they all college students? 他们都是大学生吗?
注:each 可用于两者、三者或三者以上,而 every 只用于三者或三者以上,因此用于两者时只能用 each,不能用 every。如:
There are trees on each side of the road. 路的两边都有树。
3. (a) few 与 (a) little。few和a few 后接复数名词,而little和a little后接不可数名词。其中不带不定冠词的 few 和 little表示数量很少或几乎没有,强调“少”,含有否定意义;而带有不定冠词的a few 和 a little 则表示数量虽然少但毕竟还有,强调―有‖,含有肯定意义。如:
He knew few of them. 他们中间他认识的人很少。 He sold only a few of the papers. 他只卖出了几份报纸。 He knew little about it. 他对此知道得很少。 There is still a little left. 还剩一点点。
4. all, every, each的用法。从强调重点上看:all强调整体地考虑总体,every 强调考虑总体中的所有成员(与all很接近),each则强调逐个逐个地考虑总体;从用法上看:all和each既可单独使用,也可后接名词,还可后接of短语;而every 后必须接名词,既不能单独使用也不能后接 of 短语;从含义上看,each 指两者或两者以上的“每个”,every指三者或三者以上“每个”,因此指两者时只能用 each。
5. other, the other, another, others的用法。指单数时,若泛指用another,若特指用 the other;指复数时,若泛指用other(后接复数名词)或others(其后不接名词),若特指用the other (后接复数名词)或the others(其后不接名词)。如:
Show me some others. 再拿一些给我看。 Show me another. 另拿一个给我看。
We should think of others. 我们应该多为别人着想。 Where are the other students? 其他同学在哪里?
注:another后一般要单数可数名词,但若其后的名词有数词或 few 修饰,则也可接复数名词。如:
I've got another five minutes. 我还有5分钟。
6. no one, nobody, none 的用法。no one 与nobody 用法相似,均只用于指人不用于指物,且其后不能接of短语,用作主语时谓语单数;而none 既可用于指人也可用于指物,其后通常接of短语,用作主语时,若指不可数名词,谓语只能用单数,若指复数名词,则谓语可用单数(较正式)也可用复数(用于非正式文体)。如:
No one [Nobody] has read it. 没有人读过它。
None of this milk can be used. 这牛奶一点都不能用了。 None of the films is [are] worth seeing. 没有一部电影值得看。
7. 复合不定代词的用法。复合不定代词主要包括 something, somebody, someone, anything, anybody, anyone, nothing, nobody, no one, everything, everybody, everyone 等,它们在句中可用作主语、宾语或表语,但不能用作定语。其中something, someone 等和 anything, anyone等的区别与 some 和 any 的区别一样,前者一般用于肯定句,后者一般用于否定句、疑问句或条件句。使用时应请注意以下几点:
(1) 受定语修饰时,定语应置于其后。如:
Tell us something interesting. 给我们讲点有趣的事。 There was nobody tired. 没有一个人很累。
(2) 指人的复合不定代词若用作主语,其谓语动词一般用单数,相应的人称代词和物主代词也用单数 he, him, his (不一定指男性)。但在非正式文体中常用复数代词 they, them, their。如:
If anybody [anyone] comes, ask him [them] to wait. 要是有人来,让他等着。 (3) anyone, everyone 等只能指人,不能指物,且其后一般不接of 短语。若是指物或后接 of 短语,可用 any one, every one (即分开写)。
8. many与much
两者意思相同,都表示“许多”,但用法不同,many用于修饰或代替可数名词;而much用于修饰或代替不可数名词。如:
Many trees fell in the storm. 在暴风雨中许多树倒了。 Much money has been wasted that way. 很多钱都这样浪费了。
但是,如果不可数名词前用了pieces of, cups of, glasses of等修饰,则可以在整个结构前使用many来修饰。如:
How many pieces of baggage have you got? 你有几件行李? 我们不能说many baggage,但是可以说many pieces of baggage。
有关人称代词排序的几点说明
请看下面这个句子:
__________ are of the same age.
A. You, he and I B. I,you and he C. I,he and you D. He, I and you
此题应选A。其余都可能被误选。关于人称代词的排列,这是一个比较复杂的问题,有时可能根据不同的语境或说话的强调点等的不同,而有所变化。但是作为一般的原则,以下几点排列习惯是英语学习者要注意的。如:
1. 单数人称代词的排列,通常是二、三、一。如:
You, he and I are all middle school students. 你,他和我都是中学生。 They will come to see you, Jim and me off. 他们要来为你,吉姆和我送行。 2. 复数人称代词的排列,通常是一、二、三。如:
We, you and they are all good citizens. 我们,你们和他们都是好公民。 We, you and they can go together. 我们,你们和他们可以一起去。 3. 第三人称单数男女并排时,通常是男先女后。如:
Nobody wanted to go except him and her. 除了他和她外,没有一个人想去。 4. 当要承担责任或涉及不好事件时,通常是一、三、二。如:
I,he and you will be punished for doing that. 我,他和你都要因做这事而受惩罚。 I,he and you made the mistakes. 这些错误是我,他和你犯下的。
有关another 的若干用法补充
1. another可视为由“an+other”构成,但总是写成一个词,不能写成an other;其后一般只接单数可数名词,不接复数名词或不可数名词。another有两个基本意义:
(1) 外加的,同样的。如:
Don’t say another word. 不要再说了。
Let me have another cup of tea. 给我再来一杯茶。 (2) 不同的,另外的。如:
That’s another Story. 那是另一码事。
Give me another cup. This one’s cracked. 请给我换个杯子,这个裂了。 If I were you, I should get another lawyer. 如果我是你,我就请别的律师。 这样用的another表泛指。比较:
Give me another (one). 另外给我一个。(表泛指) Give me the other (one). 给我另外那个。(表特指)
2. 在通常情况下,another 后不能接复数名词或不可数名词,但是若复数名词之前有 few 或数词修饰,或不可数名词之前有 piece of 之类的单位词时等,则可以与 another 连用。如:
I could go on for another two hours. 我再讲两个小时都讲不完。
I need another few days before l can make up my mind. 我还需几天才能决定。 3. one有时可与another对照使用。如:
One (boy) wanted to read, and another wanted to watch TV. 一个(男孩)想看书,另一个则想看电视。
One day he wanted his lunch early, another day he wanted it late. 他一天要早点吃午饭,另一天又要晚点吃午饭。
4. 习语one after another意为“一个接一个地”“相继地”“依次地”,在句中主要用作状语。如:
Planes took off one after another. 飞机陆续起飞。
One after another all his plans have failed. 他的计划都一一失败了。 有时也可用作主语或宾语。如:
One after another began to choke, and at the end all the women were weeping. 人们一个接一个哽咽起来,到结束的时候妇女们全都哭了。
注意,该结构多用于三者或三者以上的“依次”,如指两者“依次”,则通常用one after the other。如:
The boy showed me his dirty hands one after the other. 那男孩把他脏兮兮的手依序伸给我看。
5. one another与each other:两者均表示“彼此”“互相”,原认为one another用于三者或三者以上,each other用于两者,但在现代英语中,两者常可换用。值得注意的是,“互相”一词,在中文里给人的感觉好像是副词,但其实它们是代词,因此它们在句不用作状语,若用于不及物动词之后时,要考虑添加适合的介词。如:
We don’t always agree with one another [each other]. 我们的意见并不总是一致的。 They spoke to one another [each other] in a very friendly manner. 他们态度十分和善地彼此交谈。
注意,它们虽为代词,但在句中主要用作宾语,习惯上不用作主语,若语义上有类似需要,可考虑使用类似以下这样的表达:
Each of them knew the other’s weak point. 他们每个人都知道其他人的弱点。 One man shouted to another in his own language. 他们用自己的语言互相吼叫着。 另外,若语义需要,它们还可用于所有格。如:
They often stay in one another’s [each other’s] house. 他们常常在彼此的家里住。
Those two are always copying each other’s [one another’s] homework. 那两个人总是互相抄袭作业。
含有oneself的三个习语性介词短语
能后接接反身代词构成习语的介词不多,比较常用的有: 1. by oneself 独自;独立;自动。如: She did it all by herself. 这是她独立做的。 The machine runs by itself. 这机器自动运转。
There are many things one must do by oneself without depending on others. 有许多事情你必须自己去做,不能依靠别人。
2. of oneself 自发地,自动地。如:
The enemy will not perish of itself. 敌人不会自行消灭。 3. to oneself 独自享用。如:
I want a bedroom to myself. 我想一个人要一间卧室。
When one dines in a restaurant one likes a table to oneself. 人们在饭馆吃饭时,喜欢独占一张桌子。
Go to bed now and let the grown-ups have a little time to themselves. 现在去睡觉吧,让大人有点时间做自己的事。
4.for oneself亲自
涉及语境理解的不定代词考题
不定代词是各级英语考试的常考考点,有的不定代词考题出得比较灵活,不能死套规则,要注意结合语境来理解:
■ ―Is ____ here?‖ ―No, Bob and Tim have asked for leave.‖
A. anybody B. everybody C. somebody D. nobody 若只是从表面来看,填空句是个疑问句,可能会误选A。但其实此题最佳答案应选B,因为下文的答句说“只有Bob和Tim请假了”,这说明问句是在查人数,故用 Is everybody here? (大家都到齐了吗?)
■ I agree with most of what you said, but I don’t agree with _____.
A. everything B. anything C. something D. nothing
此句若从表面看,有可能误选B,因为填空句为否定句。但实际上最佳答案为A,因为上文说“我同意他说的大部分内容”,这与下文的 but I don’t agree with everything(但并不是同意他说的所有内容)完全相符。
■ ―Do you have _____ at home now, Mary?‖ ―No, we still have to get some fruit and tea.‖
A. something B. anything C. everything D. nothing 答案选C,句意为“玛丽,现在家里东西都准备齐了吗?‖―还没有,我们还要买些水果和茶。‖
■ ―If you want a necklace, I’ll buy one for you at once.‖ ―Oh, no. A necklace is not _____ that I need most.
A. anything B. something C. nothing D. everything 此题容易误选A,机械地认为:something 用于肯定句,anything 用于否定句或疑问句。但是,此题的最佳答案是B,something 在此的意思不是“某种东西”,而是指“那种东西”或“这种东西”,即心中最想要的那种东西(相当于 the thing)。
补充:all, every 与 each 的用法区别
1. 三者都可用来概括全体,但强调重点不同:all(全部)是整体性地考虑总体(具有概括性),every (每个)是考虑总体中的所有成员(与 all 很接近),each (每个)是逐个逐个地考虑总体(具有个别性)。比较:
All men die. 所有的人都是要死的。 Every man dies. 每一个人都要死的。
Each man must die alone. 人都必然会一个个地死去。
2. all 和 each 既可作形容词(其后接名词),也可用作代词( 单独使用或后接 of 短语);而 every 却只能用作形容词(其后接名词),不能用作代词(即不能单独使用或后接 of 短语)。如:
正:all books / Each is good. 所有的书 / 每个都很好。 误:every of the books / Every is good.
3. each 和 every 之后通常接单数可数名词,用作主语时,其谓语动词用单数。如: Each (man) does his own work. 各人做自己的工作。
Every student in the school passed the swimming test. 这个学校的每个学生都通过了游泳测试。
若后接两个用 and 连接的名词,其谓语依然用单数。如:
Every [Each] man and woman knows it. 每个男人和女人都知道此事。 但是,each 用于复数主语后作同位语,后面的谓语用复数。如: The students each have a dictionary. 学生每人有一本字典。
4.each 指两者或两者以上的―每个‖,every 指三者或三者以上―每个‖,因此指两者时只能用 each。如:
There are trees on each side of the road. 路两边都有树。
5. every 可受 almost, nearly 等副词的修饰,但 each 却不能。如: 差不多每个学生都读过这本书。
正:Almost every student has read the book. 误:Almost each student has read the book.
so little 还是 such little
用so little还是such little取决于little的意思:若表示数量方面的“少”,则用so little;若表示形状体积的“小”,则用such little。如:
He has so little time for reading. 他读书的时间少得可怜。 I’ve never seen such little boxes. 我从未见过那样小的盒子。 体会:
It’s no wonder that such little animals eat so little food. 难怪这些小动物吃那么少的食物。
替代词one与the one的用法区别
one 用作替代词主要用于替代“a+单数可数名词”,表泛指;若需特指,则用 the one。如:
A fast train is one that goes fast. 快车是一种行驶快的火车。
The accident was similar to one that happened in 2008. 这个事故与发生在2008年的事故类似。
Open the drawer on the left, the one with a key in it. 打开左边的抽屉,上面有钥匙的那个。
Here are six rings. Pick out the one you like best. 这里有六枚戒指,选出你最喜欢的一枚。
I want very much to see these films, especially the one you mentioned. 我很想看这些电影,特别是你提到的那一部。
注:the one与that均可表特指,但前者只用于替代单数可数名词,而后者则可用于替代可数或不可数名词。
替代词ones与the ones的用法区别
ones主要用于替代复数名词,表泛指;若需特指,则用the ones。如:
If you haven’t got a big plate, two small ones will do. 如果没有大盘子,两个小盘也行。
We still have shortcomings, and very big ones too. 我们还有缺点,而且是很大的缺点。
Do you know the ones who moved here recently? 你认识最近搬到这儿来的那些人吗?
The top front teeth are the ones which are most at risk from tooth decay. 上门齿是最容易受到腐蚀的牙齿。
英语代词考题专练
1. Do you really believe that Mr White has blamed us for the accident, especially ________ ?
A. you and me B. I and you
C. you and I D. you and we
2. —Daddy, which of these smart hats do you like best in the hat shop? — ________ . They are both expensive and less warm-keeping. A. Either
B. Nothing
C. Neither
D. None
3. At the shop, they wanted to show me all the dresses, but I was interested only in ________ in the window.
A. this
B. that
C. it
D. the one
4. His earliest plays are excellent, but his latest one is ________ . A. something
B. everything
C. anything
D. nothing
5. —Did ________ of your parents come to attend the opening ceremony? — ________ of them came.
A. any; None B. any; Neither C. either; Neither D. either; Any
6. —What can I do for you?
—I’d like to buy a book, ________ that was written by Lu Xun. A. which
B. one
C. but
D. all
7. Some of the wheat came from Canada. How about ________ ? A. another
B. the others
C. the other
D. the rest
8. —Do you have ________ at home now, Stella?
—No, we still have to get several pounds of fruit and some tea. A. something
B. everything
C. nothing
D. anything
9. I won’t trust him. He says one thing to your face but does ________ behind your back.
A. other
B. the other
C. the others
D. another
10. Of all the movies Hepbum made ________ is more memorable than “Breakfast at Tiffany’s”.
A. few
B. little
C. no one
D. none
11. —Do you mind if Charlie borrows a few hundred dollars from you? —I’m afraid I do. I’ll be glad to lend money to ________ but Charlie. A. someone
B. everyone
C. anyone
D. no one
12. The boy spent as much time playing computer games as he ________ studying. A. does
B. was
C. had
D. did
13. —I want to have my CD player fixed, but I can’t find a repair shop. —Oh, I know ________ . Come on, I’ll take you there. A. one
B. the one
C. ones
D. many
14. Will you see to ________ that the flowers are well protected during the rainy season?
A. it
B. me
C. /
D. yourself
15. —He has two brothers and three sisters. Do you know ________ of them? —No, I know ________ of them.
A. some; none B. any; some C. any; none
D. either; some
16. Don’t leave your keys in the car. Someone might steal ________ . A. one
B. that
C. this D. it
17. I’ve lost my pen. I can’t find it anywhere, so I have to buy ________ after school.
A. it B. one C. this D. that
18. ________ in the office had made a mistake, and the firm regretted causing the customer inconvenience.
A. Someone
B. Anyone
C. Everyone
D. No one
19. —Can I help you?
—I’d like to buy a present for my father’s birthday, ________ at a proper price, but of great use.
A. that
B. anyone
C. one
D. everything
20. The cruelty of the Germans towards the Jews and ________ of the Japanese towards their prisoners, filled ________ with horror.
A. those; someone B. that; everyone
C. it; no one D. this; anyone
21. —Johnson, there’re a lot of chairs over there. Go and fetch ________ for me. —Why ________ ? Mike is sitting there doing nothing. A. one; me
B. that; not he C. it; not him D. some; I
22. He cares so little about his meals that ________ will do so long as it fills his stomach.
A. everything B. something
C. anything
D. nothing
23. I wanted some tea, but there was ________ left in the teapot. A. none
B. any
C. nothing
D. some
24. —What an amazing film! It’s the most interesting film I’ve ever seen. —But I’m sure it won’t interest ________ . A. somebody
B. anybody
C. everybody
D. nobody
25. —Have you finished your work yet?
—No, I’ll finish it in ________ fifteen minutes. A. another
【答案解析】
1. A. 要选的代词作动词blame的宾语,当然要用人称代词的宾格,故选A。
2. D. 由best可知,该处的hat应有三顶或三顶以上,排除指两者的A和C。另请注意:后文的both不是指hat,both„and„既(昂贵)又(不保暖)。nothing意为“没有任何东西、无物”,意义不通。none指三者或三者以上“一个也不”。
B. other
C. more
D. less
3. D. the one替代the dress。
4. D. 此处nothing意为“微不足道的(of no importance),无价值的(worthless)”;something某事物、重要的或了不起的人或事物;anything任何事物、重要的人或事物;everything每件东西、最重要的事物。
5. C. 两者:“都”用both,“任一”用either,“一个都不”用neither;多者:“都”用all,“任一”用any,“一个都不”用none。由your parents可知,是指两者,故选C。
6. B. one替代a book,作前面a book的同位语,后面that was written by Lu Xun是修饰one的定语从句。
7. D. another, the other(s)只能替代可数名词,而the rest既可替代可数名词又可替代不可数名词。句中要替代的wheat,是不可数名词,所以只有D正确。
8. B. 语境题,几个答案似乎都可用于疑问句中。但根据still,说明已有一些东西了,只是还需要几镑水果和一些茶,所以用everything,问的是否齐全。
9. D. 此句中的another指“另一件事、另一套”,并非特指。the other指“(两者中的)另外那一个”,the others指“其余的那一些”均为特指;无冠词的单数other,只能在名词前作定语,故不能选A、B和C。
10. D. 不难看出要选的代词是指movie,首先排除只能指代不可数名词的little。根据动词is,不能用复数few作主语,排除A。而no one (=nobody)只能指人,因此,只有D正确。
11. C. 由I’m afraid I do. 可知,我把钱借给除Charlie外的任何人,就是不借给他。 12. D. 因为do可以用来替代动词,以避免重复;句中did替代spent。
13. A. 因为意思是“我知道一家店铺”;one 用来替代“a +名词”,指同类事物中的一个,在此句中替代a repair shop。
14. A. 因为see to it that„是习语,与make sure that„相当,意思是“务必要…”。 15. C. 因为指三者或三者以上中的“任何一个”用any,“一个也不”用none。 16. D. 因为指与前面提到的是同一物时,用it,此处it替代the car。
17. B. 因为one用来替代“a /an+单数可数名词”指同类事物中的一个,此处one替代a pen。
18. A. 因为someone在此指办公室里的“某一个人”。
19. C. 因为one在题中替代a present,并作a present的同位语。
20. B. 因为指同类事物,又是替代不可数名词时,只能用that,此处that替代the cruelty。everyone意为“每个人、大家”。
21. A. 因为此处one替代a chair;又因为在简略回答中习惯上用宾格。 22. C. 因为anything是“无论何物”之意,与语境相符。 23. A. 区分:none一点也没有;nothing没有任何东西。
24. C. 因为both, every等与not连用构成部分否定;not„everybody是“并非每一个人”之意。句意是:我相信这部电影不会使每个人都感兴趣。
25. A. 表示“另外十五分钟”用:another fifteen minutes = fifteen other minutes =fifteen more minutes。
英语连系动词的分类
(1) 状态系动词:只有be一词。如: She is always like that. 她总是那样。
I am used to going about alone. 我习惯于独来独往。 These shoes are too tight for me. 这双鞋我穿太小。
(2) 持续系动词:表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep, remain, stay, rest, lie, stand。如:
I hope you’ll keep fit. 我希望你身体好。
He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。 The door remained closed. 门仍然关着。 We can remain friends. 我们可以继续做朋友。 Please stay seated. 请继续坐着。 He stayed single. 他仍然是单身。
(3) 表像系动词:表示―看起来好像‖,主要有seem, appear, look等。如: He looks tired. 他看起来很累。
He seems (to be) quite happy. 他好像很快活。 The doctor seemed very capable. 那医生似乎很能干。 He appeared quite well. 他显得身体相当好。 He appeared taken aback. 他似乎很吃惊。 She appeared perplexed. 她显得迷惑不解。
(4) 感官系动词:表示―……起来‖,有feel(摸起来,感觉) , smell(闻起来) , sound(听起来) , taste(尝起来,吃起来) 等。如:
This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布摸起来很软。
He looks honest, but actually he’s a rogue. 他看起来很老实,实际他是一个坏蛋。
They all look alike to me. 他们的模样我看起来都一样。 Everybody feels contented. 每个人都感到很满足。 Ice feels cold. 冰感觉起来是凉的。
Silk feels soft and smooth. 丝绸摸起来很柔软平滑。 It sounds a good idea. 这听起来是个好主意。 This food tastes good. 这菜好吃。
(5) 变化系动词:表示主语变成什么样,主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run如:
He became mad after that. 自那之后,他疯了。 She had grown thinner and thinner. 她越来越瘦了。 His cold was growing worse. 他的感冒越来越严重了。 She’s growing fat. 她正在发胖。
He’s grown used to it. 他对此已经习惯。
When she saw this, she turned red. 她看到这,脸红了。
His hair turned grey in a few weeks. 在几个星期中他头发就变灰白了。 The milk will soon turn sour. 牛奶很快就会变酸。
Several people fell ill, victims of blood poisoning. 几个人生病了,都是血中毒的受害者。
We get wiser as we get old. 随着年岁的增长,我们也变得聪明些了。 Your hair has gone quite white! 你的头发全白了!
She went pale at the news. 听到这消息,她脸色变得苍白。
When I mentioned it to him he went red. 我对他提及此事时他脸红了。 He went mad. 他疯了。
The children must not go hungry. 孩子们不能挨饿。
(6) 终止系动词:主要有prove, turn out(结果是,证明是) 等。如: His story proved false. 他讲的情况原来是假的。 His advice proved sound. 他的劝告证明是对的。
My intuition turned out to be correct. 我的直觉证明是对的。
英语连系动词用法要览
一、连系动词基本用法 连系动词是表示不完全谓语关系的动词,它与其后的表语一起构成谓语。常见的连系动词有be(是),become(成为),get(变成),remain(还是),seem(似乎是),look(看上去),feel(感
觉)等。连系动词后的表语通常是名词和形容词,有时也可以是代词、数词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动名词、从句等:
His English is excellent. 他的英语很棒。(跟形容词) He is a famous poet. 他是著名诗人。(跟名词) Money isn’t everything.金钱不是一切。(跟代词)
She was the first to arrive.她是第一个到达的人。(跟数词) Who is upstairs? 谁在楼上?(跟副词)
He is with his friends. 他和朋友在一起。(跟介词短语) He seems to be ill. 他似乎病了。(跟不定式) Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。(跟动名词) This is what you need. 这就是你需要的。(跟从句)
二、学习连系动词应注意的两点
1. 关于连系动词后接副词作表语
连系动词后通常可接形容词作表语,一般不接副词:
误:His English is very well. 他的英语很好。(应将well改为good) 误:Be carefully. 小心点。(应将carefully改为careful)
误:The soup tastes nicely. 这汤味道不错。(应将nicely改为nice)
但是,有时连系动词后也可接副词作表语,不过这主要限于in, on, off, out, away, behind, up, down, over, through, around, round, below, inside, outside 等少数副词小品词以及here, there, upstairs, downstairs等少数表示地点或方位的副词:
Mother wasn’t in last night. 母亲昨晚不在家。 The meeting was over at five. 会议五点结束。
Come along. The taxi is outside. 来吧,出租车在外面。 Mother is downstairs waiting for you. 母亲在楼下等你。 2. 关于连系动词后接不定式
(1) 连系动词be后根据情况可自由地接不定式作表语: My dream is to be a scientist. 我的梦想是当一名科学家。 All I could do was to wait. 我只能等。
My plan was to go from London to Paris. 我计划从伦敦去巴黎。 I was to have seen Mr Kay. 我本要去见凯先生的。
(2) seem, appear, prove, continue, turn out, get, grow, come 等连系动词后也可接不定式(尤其是to be)作表语:
She always seems to be sad. 她常常显得很忧伤。
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的意见证明是错的。 She appears to have many friends. 他好像有很多朋友。 The weather turned out to be fine. 天气结果很好。
Circumstances continue to be favorable. 情况仍然是有利的。 He has grown to like studying English. 他渐渐喜欢学英语了。
(3) sound, smell, feel, taste, become等连系动词后通常不能接不定式: 误:These oranges taste to be good. (应去掉to be) 误:The roses smell to be nice. (应去掉to be) (4) 有的连系动词后接的从句可用不定式来改写:
It seems that she’s right. / She seems to be right. 她似乎是对的。
It appears that you have made a mistake. / You appear to have made a mistake. 似乎你弄错了。
多个形容词做定语时的排列顺序
有时,一个名词前出现有多个形容词作定语,这时,它们的顺序一般须根据它们与被修饰的中心词之间关系的密切程度而定。在通常情况下,它们的顺序为大致遵循以下原则:
描绘形容词—大小(长短高低)形容词—形状形容词—年龄(新旧)形容词—颜色形容词—国籍形容词—材料形容词—用途(类别)形容词—名词
I bought a nice(好看的) small(小小的) round(圆形的) new(新的) yellow(黄色的) French (法国产的) oak(橡木做的) writing desk(写字台).
但是,以上情况并不绝对,例外的情况是常有的,况且以上规则也不好记。下面再介绍几条原则性的东西,供参考:
1. 总体描述在前,具体描述在后; 2. 主观描述在前,客观描述在后; 3. 普遍性描述在前,特殊性描述在后; 4. 音节少的词在前,音节多的词在后;
5. 与所修饰的名词关系不紧密的在前,关系紧密的在后。
注:有时,两个互补的形容词修饰同一个名词或代词,强调全部范围时,可用and / or连起来(如:old and young, long or short, male and female)放在名词或代词的后面,并且名词与形容词之间常用逗号隔开。
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