雅思作文写作Task第三课时—地图、流程图

学生 时间 面授老师 本次课时 IELTS写作第三课时 1. 作文简介、写作技巧 2. 实例讲解 教学思路 3. 分析总结 4. 课后作业 1. 地图、流程图理论分析分析 教学目标 2. 掌握两类图表作文的基本特征和写作方法 3. 学习写作思路 地图、流程图写作方法 讲解重点 范文学习 常用句式总结 备考资料 剑桥基础资料 教学详细内容： 一、分析雅思图表作文—地图、流程图理论 1. 地图题特点 ➢ 地图题分两种，一种为地理变迁题，一种为选址题。地理变迁题描述的是一个地方（多为一个城镇）在一段时间的发展变化。 ➢ 时态：图题反映的是一个地方在过去的一段时间的变化，文章用一般过去时。如果地图题反映的是一个地方在将来一段时间的变化趋势，文章用一般将来时或表“估计”的词汇。如果地图题反映的是一个地方从过去到现在的变化，可用现完成时。 ➢ 细节变化：地图每个细节变化都要提到，不要忽视一个细节 ➢ 语态 ：地图题用被动语态 2．流程图（flow chart）特点 其一， 流程图的题目基本不会重复，因此复习已经考过的题目不会太大效果， 第二，流程图的词汇随着图表的对象而变化，很少出现重复的词汇。 流程图考察的次数不多，每年大概3-5次，集中出现在年初和年末的三个月。 一般来说，流程图和普通图表的区别主要在于： ➢ 流程图基本上不会出现数据，文字信息占主要地位 ➢ 流程图以描述为主，比较的机会比图表题少 ➢ 流程图中出现的信息都需要描述，而普通图表则不需要描述每一个数据 ➢ 流程图的时态比较单一，主要是用一般现在时 ➢ 流程图的分段比较灵活，只要不同阶段之间的差距很明显，就可以另起一段 3. 流程图备考注意事项： 1）注意掌握段落连接或者不同阶段之间的说法（sequence expression） ➢ 表示首阶段的一些说法 a) The process starts from b) At the first/initial stage, c) At the beginning of the cycle, d) During the initial phase, e) The beginning of the whole cycle is marked by f) (名词 or 动名词)is the first step in (+ 名词 or 动名词) ➢ 表示次段的一些说法： a) The second stage is b) The next step in the process is ➢ 表示最后阶段的一些说法 a) (名词 or 动名词) is the last step in the procedure. b) The final phase of the procedure is about c) In the final phase, d) Entering the final phase, e) (名词 or 动名词) is the final stage. 2）要注意各个阶段的比较，充实文章内容，避免平铺直叙 3）注意流程图的读图顺序： 找出流程图的始末点，并划分中间的步骤或阶段；掌握表示“顺序”的连接词(Sequencing Words)，用来说明过程的各个步骤和先后顺序。 4. 地图、流程图常用词汇、句型 第一部分：导游图 类别解释：该类作文的考核方式是在一个平面图中进行箭头引导，并要求考生对路线与沿途设施做出说明。 ➢ 总介绍 A stretch out/ extend/ radiate from B to C：A从B延展置C A be circled by B：A被B环绕 A cover an area of B：A占地面积为B A be divided into B by C =C divide A into B A被C分成了B（部分） ➢ 位置介绍 A be in the middle/ center of B：A在B中心 A be in the vicinity/ proximity/ vicinage of B：A在B邻近 A be within walking distance from B：A离B数步之遥 ➢ 路径与沿途设施介绍 The route/ path/ lane marked with arrow leads A to B：由箭头引导的路线将A引导至B Going around the first sharp corner, you will find A on your left/ right. 在第一个急转弯处，你会在左侧/ 右侧发现A。 Next to it is B where__________________________ 接下来是B（它处于怎样的位置或有怎样功能） C appears between D and E, as you go further down the route. 你沿着路线走下去，（会发现）C出现在D和E之间。 Finally, you are going to return to the original point after..... 最后，在…之后，你会回到原点。 第二部分：变化图 类别解释：该类作文的考核方式是介绍统一建筑或位置在若干年中的布局、结构变化情况。 ➢ 总介绍 As shown by the maps, A vary obviously over B 如图所示，A在B（时间跨度）间发生了明显变化 Separated into......sections, A have B built in it originally. 划分为…部分，A中原建有B A take up a total area of B, with C making up..., D...., and E..... A的总占地面积为B，其中C、D、E分占…（面积） ➢ 变化介绍 The area of A remains unchangeable. A的面积没有发生明显变化。 A be removed from B to C after the reconstruction. 重建后，A被从B处移到了C。 The positions of A and B are exchanged. A和B的位置出现了对调。 An extra floor is added up to the Tower A. A上又加盖了一层。 第三部分：区位图 类别解释：该类作文要求考生交代某一地图中各个地点之间的位置关系（在某些情况下，要求考生在若干地点中选择某一个作为特定设施的选点）。 ➢ 区位关系 A be to the north of B by C（相隔） A be at the north of B（相切） A be in the north of B（包含） A and B share C（共有） ➢ 人口概念 The total population of the area is A 该地的总人口数量为A A residents populate the area. A（数量的）居民住在该地区 ➢ 交通概念 A radiate in all directions. A（常为交通网络）四通八达。 A be accessible from all directions. 从各个方向都能到达A。 二、 实例分析 地图： The map below is of the town of Garlsdon. A new supermarket S is planned for the town. The map shows two possible sites for supermarket. 分析思路： 1． 本图显示了G市的超市选址情况； 2. S1情况分析：地理位置是在郊区，因此方便建停车场；离H市近，有很大的潜在顾客；紧邻公路主干道和铁路，交通便捷； 3. S2位置分析：地处G市中心地区，周围有大量当地居民；交通不便；离 C和B市较近。 范文分析： The map ①shows two proposed locations for a new supermarket for the town of Garlsdon. 首段对文章主题进行概述，并对内容进行改写 The first ②potential location (S1) is outside the town itself, and is sited just ③off the main road to the town of Hindon, lying ④12 kms to the north-west. This site is ⑤in the countryside and so would be able to accommodate a lot of car parking. This would make it ⑥accessible to shoppers from both Hindon and Garlsdon who could travel by car. As it is also ⑦close to the railway line linking the two Cransdon(25km to the south-east), a potentially large number of shoppers would also be able to travel by train. ②：介绍第一个地点的具体情况 ③④⑤： 具体的地理位置信息，多样的位置表述 ⑥⑦： 深层的分析，S1址的潜在优势 ① In contrast, the suggested location, S2, is right ②in the town center, which would be good for local residents. Theoretically the store could ③be accessed by road or rail from the surrounding towns, including Bransdon, but as the central area is a ④no-traffic zone, cars would be unable to park and access would be difficult. ①：对比引出另一个点 ②③：描述具体地理位置信息 ④： 优缺点的介绍，巧妙结合图例 Overall, ①neither site is appropriate for all the towns, but for customers in Cransdon Hindon and Garlsdon, the out-of-town ②site (S1) would probably offer more advantages. ①： 总结S1 S2的总体情况 ②： 给出一个更好的建议 流程图： The?diagram?below shows the process by which bricks are manufactured for the building industry. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where?relevant. Brick manufacturing * Clay: type of sticky earth that is used for making bricks, pots, etc. 分析思路： 1. 本图的顺序很好确定，根据箭头一路走下来即可 2. 明确图中的主要信息，最为重要的一步就是温度冷却的环节 3. 恰当设置先后的衔接词 4. 注意文章题目，为industry做bricks,所以在delivery这一步要注意 【满分范文】 The process by which bricks are manufactured for the building industry can ①be outlined in seven consecutive steps. ① 概括本流程图的几个步骤 ② first直接引出第一步in the first stage，与接下来的段落紧密结合 First the raw material, clay, which was just below the surface of soil in certain clay-rich areas has to be dug up by a digger.①Then the lumps of clay are placed on a metal grid in order to ②break up the big chunks of clay into much smaller areas, which ③fall through the metal grid onto a roller, whose motion further ④segregates the bits of clay. Sand and water are ⑤added to make a homogenous mixture, which is ⑥then either formed in moulds ⑦or cut into brick-shaped pieces by means of a wire cutter. ①：用then衔接流程顺序 ②③④⑤：一系列的动词不仅表达出流程的先后顺序，而且能巧妙地连接 ⑥⑦：顺序连接 Those fresh bricks are ①then kept in a drying oven for at least 24 and a maximum of 48 hours, several dozens if not hundreds of bricks at a time. The dried bricks are ②then transferred to a so-called kiln, another type of high temperature oven. First they are kept at a moderate temperature of 200 ℃ -1300 ℃ . This process ③is followed by cooling down the finished bricks for 48 to 72 hours in a cooling chamber. ①②：then连接 ③：连接词的多样变化，is followed by, following， ①Once the bricks have cooled down and have become hard, they ②get packaged and ③delivered to their final destination, be it a building site or storage. ①： once···then, after,right after，soon after ②③：将最后两步直接联系起来 三、课后练习