延续性动词与非延续性动词
动词按其动作发生的方式、发生过程的长短可分为延续性动词与非延续性动词。
一.延续性动词表示能够延续的动作,如：study, learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。延续性动词可以与表示时间段的状语连用。延续性动词的用法很广，常见于现在完成时中的句子中，且常与for，how，long，since等引导的表示一段时间的状语或状语从句连用。 表示时间段的短语有:
1.for+一段时间, eg: for 2 years; for a long time等 2.since从句,since he came here;
3.since+时间点名词+ago, eg：since last year, since 5 days ago; 4. how long;
二.非延续性动词也称终止性动词、瞬间动词或点动词,表示不能延续的动作,这种动作发生后立即结束。 如:open, die, close, begin, finish, come, go, move, borrow, lend, buy, move, happen, marry, arrive/reach, post, fall, break, lose, give, join, receive, hear, hear from, become等。终止性动词又叫瞬间动词或点动词，瞬间动词的肯定句在一般情况下，不能与表示一段时间的状语或疑问词连用。但是在否定句中，瞬间动词也可以和表示一段时间的状语、连词连用，它的含义是好长时间没进行这个动作了，没进行此动作的状态就可以延续。可用于现在完成时态，但由于动作是瞬时间完成的所以不能与for或since引出的时间状语连用。英语中常见的非延续性动词在完成时态中可改为相应的表示延续性的动词或短语，这时可与表示一段时间的的状语连用。 这类动词不是不能用于完成时态。只是不能用于由how long提问的句子和含有for+一段时间的完成时态中。 1
常见的这类动词有： go, come, leave, arrive, lose, land, catch, join, kill, find 等。
例如：1. He has joined the club for a long time. ( 错 ) 2. He has been a member of the club for a long time. ( 对 ) 3. His grandfather has died for over 30 years. ( 错 ) 4. His grandfather has been dead for over 30 years. ( 对 ) 【 注意 】
之所以将这些动词称为瞬间动词，是因为这些动词在眨眼之间发生并终结。故不能与表达“段”的长时间状语连用，不论是在进行时还是现在完成时中。
下面的例句是正确的：
1. He is dying. 2. He has died.
一个生物体是死是活，界与其终结生命的前与后的一霎那，如果上述例句加上了表达段的时间状语，试请问：该人是死是活？
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但是，有几个表示去向的非延续性动词如 go, come, start, leave 等，可以同表示时间段的状语 for 短语连用。但要注意，这种用法的 for 短语表示的不是句中谓语动词延续的时间，而是该动词动作完成后再做某事所需要的时间。
例如：
1. She has gone to Nanjing for three days. (= She’s come here, intending to stay for three days.)
2. Alice has left for Paris for three months. (= Alice has left for Paris, intending to stay there for three months.)
3. We are starting for Shanghai for two weeks. (= We are going to Shanghai, and we are planning to stay there for two weeks.)
【 注意 】
学生如果遇到与第一点所不符的情况，如本点所讲述，不要轻易下结论为“错题”，应该认真分析后再做结论。比如我们学过了这样的结构：
make somebody do something; 而我们常可见到这样的句子： He made a candle to give light.
在这个句子中的宾语后面明显带了 to ，与短语所表达的不符，但我们不要忘了： make 的基本意思为“制造”，并且，不定式结构在短语中充当宾语补足语，而在例句中充当状语。
非延续性谓语动词后有非谓语动词时，可与表示一段时间的状语连用，这时，时间状语所修饰的不是句中的谓语动词，而是非谓语动词。
例如：1. She went to work for two weeks. (for two weeks 修饰 to work)
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2. He began to read English for over an hour. ( for over an hour 修饰 to read.) 【 注意 】 了解了上述第二点，这一点要好理解的多：一般情况下，这些状语都会放在所修饰的动词或短语附近，稍加分析则不会产生误解。 如果非延续性谓语动词是否定完成时时，表示的是一种状态，故可同表示一段时间的状语连用；如果非延续性谓语动词的完成时表示经常重复的行为，可同表示时段的时间状语连用，但应慎用。 例如：1. She hasn’t taken part in labor for weeks. 2. I have often gone to Beijing since 1985. 【 注意 】 这一点的关键是：完成时表达的是“状态”，而后面表达段的时间是：“这种状态持续了如此长的时间”。 在不同的语言环境中，有些动词可以作延续性动词或非延续性动词， 如： sit, walk, move, run, feel 等。 例如：1. He sat in the grass, watching the sun rising. （延续性动词） 2. He sat in the grass and began to read. （非延续性动词） 【 注意 】 这种用法较为灵活。所以也应灵活分析。从上面的两个句子中我们可以看到：不在具体的句子中，我们无法分清哪个是非延续动词，哪个是延续性动词。只有根据上下文的意思，才好决定。 非延续性动词在肯定句中与表示时间点的状语连用，如：two years ago; at 5 o'clock; 例: He unfortunately passed away last year. 他去年不幸逝世。 4
He died 5 years ago. 否定的终止性动词可以与表示时间段的时间状语连用。例: I haven't left here for 3 years. I haven't heard from him for 3 weeks. I haven't heard from my parents for a long time. 我有好长时间没收到父母来信了。 He hasn't left home for a week. 他有一个星期没出门了。 如果要与for+ 时间段，since+年份，since+时间段+ago，how long连用时，瞬间性动词要变延续性动词。
三.延续性动词与非延续性动词之间的转换： 非延续性动词 leave borrow buy begin/start die finish join open sth. come here go there become come back 延续性动词 be away(from) keep have be on be dead be over be in+组织机构;be a member of+组织机构 keep sth. open be here be there be be back 5
come to/get to/ arrive(in/at)/reach/ move to go (get) out put on fall ill get up catch a cold fall asleep get to know wake up/get up close get married 例：（1）他死了三年了。 误：He has died for three years.
be (in)/stay(in/at) live in be out wear be ill be up have a cold be asleep know be up be closed be married 正：He has been dead for three years. 正：He died three years ago. 正：It is three years since he died.
正：Three years has passed since he died.
(2) 他来这儿五天了。
误：He has come here for five days. 正：He has been here for five days. 正：He came here five days ago. 正：It is five days since he came here.
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正：Five days has passed since he came here.
(1)、(2)句中的die、come为终止性动词，不能与表示\"段时间\"的状语连用。那么，应如何正确表达呢？可以采用下面的四种方法：
(1)将句中终止性动词转换为相应的延续性动词, 如上面两例中的第一种正确表达方式.
(2)将句中表示\"段时间\"的状语改为表示过去确定时间的状语，如下面两例中的第二种正确表达方式。
(3)用句型\"It is+段时间+since...\"表达原意，如上面两例中的第三种正确表达方式。 (4)用句型\"时间+has passed+since...\"表达原意，如上面两例中的第四种正确表达方式。
四、终止性动词可用于现在完成时否定式中，成为可以延续的状态，因而可与表示一段时间的状语连用。
如:1.He hasn't left here since 1986.
2.I haven't heard from my father for two weeks.
五、终止性动词的否定式与until/till连用，构成\"not+终止性动词+until/till ...\"的句型，意为\"直到……才……\"。
如：1. You can't leave here until I arrive.直到我到了，你才能离开这里。 2. I will not go to bed until I finish drawing the picture tonight. 今天晚上直到我画完画，我才上床睡觉。
六、终止性动词可以用于when引导的时间状语从句中，但不可以用于while引导的时间状语从句中。when表示的时间是\"点时间\"(从句谓语动词用终止性动词)，也可以是\"段时间\"(从句谓语动词用延续性动词)。而while表示的是一个较长的时间或过程，从句谓语动词用延续性动词。
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如：1. When we reached London, it was twelve o'clock. (reach为终止性动词) 2. Please look after my daughter while/when we are away. (be away为延续性动词短语)
七、终止性动词完成时不可与how long连用(只限于肯定式)。 如:误：How long have you come here? 正：How long have you been here? 正：When did you come here?
误区
[ 一 ]
瞬间动词的完成时 误区之一是：现在完成时表达的是“从前发生的动作”，“延续到现在”。而瞬间动词一瞬间便完成了从发生到结束的全过程，能有完成时吗？ 现在完成时虽然动作“发生在过去”但其“影响”持续到现在。因整个存在的时间短，所以其完成时不与表达“段”的时间连用。 [ 二 ]
瞬间动词的进行时 误区二： leave, come 等终结性动词，没有进行时的形式。例如 come 这一个词，（尤其在肯定句中，可参见第四点）不与表达段的时间状语连用。比如我们不说： He has come for days. 而要说： He came days ago. 或： It’s days since he came. 常说的 He is coming. /He is leaving./ He is dying 等，并不是表示动作“正在进行”， 而是表示“动作即将发生”。
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补充练习：
1.When he arrived at the bus stop, the bus ___ for 20 minutes. A. has left B. had left C. has been away D. had been away 2. I _____ the League for 5 years so far. A. joined B. have joined C. have been in
3.The factory _____since the February of 1988. A . has been open B. has opened C. was open D. opened
4. Mary and Rose _______friends since they met in 2000. A. have made B. have been C. made D. have become 5.You mustn't ____until he comes back. A. be away B. leave C. be left 6.The meeting _______ for a week now. A. has finished B. has ended C. has been over
7.Miss Gao ______ this school for nearly 5 years. A. has been in B. has come to C. has taught
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8.Ben ______ a teacher for 4 years . A. has been B. has become C. was D. became 9. I ______ home for a week. A. have returned B. have been back C. returned
10. How long _______ he ________ ? A. died B. has, died C. has, been dead
11.He_____at eight yesterday afternoon. A. slept B. was sleeping C. has sleep D. had slept 12.He ________ the car for a week. A. bought B. has bought C. has had
13.-----How long _____ you _____ ill ? -----Two weeks. A. did fall B. have, fell C. have, been
14.Since 2000, he _____ his hometown. A. has left B. has moved away C. has been away from
15.I'll lend you the book , but you can only ____ it for 2 days. A. borrow B. keep C. take
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16.The bus ______ on the road for 2 hours so far. A. has stopped B. stopped C. has been 17.Are you _____ the jacket these days? A. wearing B. putting on C. dressing D. on 18. He ________ foe 2 hours.
A. got up B. has got up C. has been up
19. Tom is ill in hospital. He _______ a cold for several days. A. is B. catches C. has caught D. has had
20. ----- How long can I ______ the book? ------ Two weeks. A. borrow B. lend C. get D. keep
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练习答案
1---5 D C A B B; 6---10 C A A B C; 11---15 B C C C B; 16---20 C A C D D
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